A MathML document must be a well-formed XML documents using elements in the MathML namespace as defined by this specification, however it is not required that the document refer to any specific Document Type Definition or Schema that specifies MathML. It is sometimes advantagous not to specify such a language definition as these files are large, often much larger than the MathML expression and unless they have been previously cached by the MathML application, the time taken to fetch the DTD or schema may have an appreciable effect on the processing of the MathML document.
Note also that if no DTD is specified with a DOCTYPE declaration, that entity references (for example to refer to MathML characters by name) may not be used. The document should be encoded in an encoding (for example UTF-8) in which al needed characters may be encoded as character data, or characters may be referenced using numeric character references, for example ∫ rather than ∫
If a MathML fragment is parsed without a DTD, in other words as a well-formed XML fragment, it is the responsibility of the processing application to treat the white space characters occurring outside of token elements as not significant.
However, in many circumstance, especially while producing or editing MathML, it is useful to use a language definition, to constrain the editing process or to check the correctness of generated files. The following section, Section A.2 Using the MathML DTD, discusses the MathML DTD, which forms a normative part of the specification, Following that, Section A.3 Using the MathML XML Schema, discusses an alternative language definition using the W3C Schema language for XML, [XMLSchemas]. One should note that the schema definition of the language is currently stricter than the DTD version. That is, the a schema validating processor schema will declare invalid documents that are declared valid by a (dtd) validating XML parser. This is partly due to the fact that the Schema language may express additional constraints not expressable in the DTD, and partly due to the fact that for reasons of compatibility with earlier releases, the DTD is intentionally forgiving in some places and does not enforce constraints that are specified in the text of this specification.
MathML documents should be validated using the XML DTD for MathML, http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtdJ, which is also shown below in Section A.2.5 The MathML DTD.
Documents using this DTD should contain a doctype declaration of the form:
<!DOCTYPE math
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd"
>
JThe URI may be changed to that of a local copy of the DTD if required.
The MathML DTD has several parameter entities that may be used to
customise the behaviour of the XML parser. In the examples below
these parameter entites are shown being used in the local
subset of the DTD, i.e. within [] inside the
<!DOCTYPE declaration. If the MathML DTD is being used
as a module in a larger document type, then these parameters entities
may be set in the combined DTD and need not be explictly set in
individual document instances. For example the combined XHTML + MathML
DTD described below in Section A.2.3 MathML as a DTD Module sets each of
these parameters to appropriate defaults.
It is sometimes necessary, or convenient, to
use the mechanisms described in [Modularization]
which provide a namespace prefix on
MathML element names. The DTD below is designed to allow this usage.
If the parameter entity MATHML.prefixed is declared to be
INCLUDE, using a declaration such as
<!ENTITY % MATHML.prefixed "INCLUDE" >
either in the local subset of the DOCTYPE declaration, or in the
DTD file that is including the MathML DTD, then all MathML elements
should be used with a prefix, for example <m:mrow>,
<m:apply>, etc. The prefix defaults to m
but another prefix may be declared by
declaring in addition the parameter entity MathML.prefix.
For example,
<!ENTITY % MATHML.prefix "mml" >
would set the prefix for the MathML namespace to mml.
So a complete declaration for a document using this prefix could be:
<!DOCTYPE mml:math
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % MATHML.prefixed "INCLUDE">
<!ENTITY % MATHML.prefix "mml">
]>
<mml:math>
...
This use of parameter entities to control namespace prefixes follows the conventions specified in [Modularization].
In addition to the prefix for the MathML namespace, the DTD
allows similar customization of other prefixes that may be used
in attributes. The Xlink and W3C XML Schema Instance namespaces
may be used with this DTD, with default prefixes xlink
and xsi respectively. The entities XLINK.prefix and
Schema.prefix may be set in the same way as
MATHML.prefix above to use different prefixes. As these
namespaces are used for attribute names, they must be used with
explict prefixes, so there is no analogue of the
MATHML.prefixed parameter in these cases.
The following example uses the schemaLocation attribute (which is
described below in Section A.3.1 Associating the MathML Schema with MathML fragments)
with a non standard prefix, and uses a parameter entity in the local
subset of the DTD so that the file may be DTD-valid as well as
Schema Valid.
<!DOCTYPE math
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % Schema.prefix "s">
]>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
s:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML
http://www.w3.org/Math/XMLSchema/mathml2/mathml2.xsd">
...
Note that while the [Namespaces] Recommendation provides mechanisms to change the prefix at arbitrary points in the document, this flexibility is not provided in this DTD (and is probably not possible to specify in any DTD).
Unicode 3.2, [Unicode3.2] introduced a range of mathematical alphabets into "Plane 1" of Unicode, i.e., above position 216, xFFFF.
Unfortunately some existing systems can not yet handle these characters.
To allow the use of the DTD with these systems the character references to plane 1 characters have been parameterised. If the parameter entity is redefined (from the default definition of "&#38;#x1D") then references to these characters will stay within the basic plane of Unicode.
For example
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "xhtml-mathml1-f.dtd" [ <!ENTITY % plane1D "U+1D"> ]> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ... ... 𝔄 ...
Here the reference 𝔄 would now produce the text "U + 1 D 5 0 4" which is the Unicode plain text notation for this character. This will not work to display this character in a MathML Renderer, but it is sufficient to allow these systems to be used for validation and other purposes.
For example
<!DOCTYPE html SYSTEM "xhtml-mathml1-f.dtd" [ <!ENTITY % plane1D "&#38;#xE"> ]> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ... ... 𝔄 ...
Here the reference 𝔄 would now produce the Character Reference  This is a "Private Use Area" character. The entire 1Dxxx block of math alphabets will similarly be translated down to Exxx.
The combined XHTML-MathML DTD described below uses this technique to produce a DTD usable in current browsers.
For reasons of backward compatibility, there are several
constraints specified in this specification that are not
enforced by the DTD by default. There are many constraints in the
specification that may not be enforced by a DTD, however there
are some additional constraints that could be checked.
The parameter entity MathMLStrict
may be set to INCLUDE to activate
these stricter checks.
The syntax to set the parameter is as the same as for the previous examples:
<!DOCTYPE math
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % MathMLstrict "INCLUDE">
]>
If this strict checking is enabled, the DTD will enforce that
mfrac has exactly two child elements. Similarly for
msub, mover, etc. In addition the DTD will check
that table makup, mtr, mtd is only used correctly
nested in mtable. Finally the use of Presentation MathML
elements within Content MathML is restrcted to those elements listed
in section Section 5.2.3 Presentation Markup Contained in Content Markup.
Normally, however, a MathML expression does not constitute an entire XML document. MathML is designed to be used as the mathematics fragment of larger markup languages. In particular it is designed to be used as a module in documents marked up with the XHTML family of markup languages, as defined in [Modularization]. As a convenience, a version of the XHTML DTD, extended with this MathML module, is also provided as a concrete example. This version includes all the necessary declarations included into one file (in contrast to the standalone version of the MathML DTD which references several files for entity declarations etc.). To use this DTD, a document should contain the doctype declaration
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1 plus MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/xhtml-math11-f.dtd"
>
Jas above, the URI may be altered to that of a local copy of the DTD, and the namespace prefixes used for XHTML and MathML may be controlled by the use of parameter entities.
If required, one may validate MathML documents using an SGML
parser such as nsgmls,
rather than a validating XML parser.
In this case an SGML declaration defining the
constraints of XML applicable to an SGML parser must be used.
See [sgml-xml]J.
Some older SGML systems may not be able to process files referring to plane 1 characters (those with Unicode values above hex FFFF), so for use with such systems you may need to parameterise the DTD as described above in Section A.2.2.2 Plane 1 Characters.
The entity declarations for characters are referenced at the end of the DTD. These are linked to the character tables in Chapter 6 Characters, Entities and Fonts for each entity set.
Lists of the combined MathML set of character names, ordered by name or by Unicode value are also available.
In order to accommodate XML namespace prefixes, the DTD does not
directly refer to an element name such as mrow
but instead always refers to the name via a parameter entity such as
%mrow.qname;. The definitions of these parameter
entities are in the file
but are not shown here. They are simply declarations such as
the following, one for each MathML element.
<!ENTITY % mrow.qname "%MATHML.pfx;mrow" >
Here we give the main body of the DTD. The full DTD, as well as the XHTML-Math DTD, is available as a gzipped tar archive.
<!-- MathML 2.0 DTD ....................................................... -->
<!-- file: mathml2.dtd
-->
<!-- MathML 2.0 DTD
This is the Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) 2.0, an XML
application for describing mathematical notation and capturing
both its structure and content.
Copyright © 1998-2003 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights
Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software
licensing rules apply.
Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute the MathML 2.0 DTD and
its accompanying documentation for any purpose and without fee is
hereby granted in perpetuity, provided that the above copyright notice
and this paragraph appear in all copies. The copyright holders make
no representation about the suitability of the DTD for any purpose.
It is provided "as is" without expressed or implied warranty.
Revision: $Id: appendixa-d.html,v 1.2 2003/04/10 17:01:33 mf Exp $
This entity may be identified by the PUBLIC and SYSTEM identifiers:
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
SYSTEM "mathml2.dtd"
Revisions: editor and revision history at EOF
-->
<!-- Entity used to enable marked sections which enforces stricterJ
checking of MathML syntax rulesJ
-->
<!ENTITY % MathMLstrict "IGNORE">J
<!-- MathML Qualified Names module ............................... -->
<!ENTITY % mathml-qname.module "INCLUDE" >
<![%mathml-qname.module;[
<!ENTITY % mathml-qname.mod
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES MathML 2.0 Qualified Names 1.0//EN"
"mathml2-qname-1.mod" >
%mathml-qname.mod;]]>
<!-- if %NS.prefixed; is INCLUDE, include all NS attributes,
otherwise just those associated with MathML
-->
<![%NS.prefixed;[
<!ENTITY % MATHML.NamespaceDecl.attrib
"%NamespaceDecl.attrib;"
>
]]>
<!ENTITY % MATHML.NamespaceDecl.attrib
"%MATHML.xmlns.attrib;"
>
<!-- Attributes shared by all elements .......................... -->
<!ENTITY % MATHML.Common.attrib
"%MATHML.NamespaceDecl.attrib;
%XLINK.prefix;:href CDATA #IMPLIEDJ
%XLINK.prefix;:type CDATA #IMPLIEDJ
class CDATA #IMPLIED
style CDATA #IMPLIED
id ID #IMPLIED
xref IDREF #IMPLIED
other CDATA #IMPLIED"
>
<!-- Presentation element set ................................... -->
<!-- Attribute definitions -->
<!ENTITY % att-fontsize
"fontsize CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-fontweight
"fontweight ( normal | bold ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-fontstyle
"fontstyle ( normal | italic ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-fontfamily
"fontfamily CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-color
"color CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!-- MathML2 typographically-distinguished symbol attributes -->
<!ENTITY % att-mathvariant
"mathvariant CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-mathsize
"mathsize CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-mathcolor
"mathcolor CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-mathbackground
"mathbackground CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-fontinfo
"%att-fontsize;
%att-fontweight;
%att-fontstyle;
%att-fontfamily;
%att-color;
%att-mathvariant;
%att-mathsize;
%att-mathcolor;
%att-mathbackground;"
>
<!ENTITY % att-form
"form ( prefix | infix | postfix ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-fence
"fence ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-separator
"separator ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-lspace
"lspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-rspace
"rspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-stretchy
"stretchy ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-symmetric
"symmetric ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-maxsize
"maxsize CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-minsize
"minsize CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-largeop
"largeop ( true | false) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-movablelimits
"movablelimits ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-accent
"accent ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-opinfo
"%att-form;
%att-fence;
%att-separator;
%att-lspace;
%att-rspace;
%att-stretchy;
%att-symmetric;
%att-maxsize;
%att-minsize;
%att-largeop;
%att-movablelimits;
%att-accent;"
>
<!ENTITY % att-width
"width CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-height
"height CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-depth
"depth CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-linebreak
"linebreak CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-sizeinfo
"%att-width;
%att-height;
%att-depth;"
>
<!ENTITY % att-lquote
"lquote CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-rquote
"rquote CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-linethickness
"linethickness CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-scriptlevel
"scriptlevel CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-displaystyle
"displaystyle ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-scriptsizemultiplier
"scriptsizemultiplier CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-scriptminsize
"scriptminsize CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-background
"background CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-veryverythinmathspace
"veryverythinmathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-verythinmathspace
"verythinmathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-thinmathspace
"thinmathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-mediummathspace
"mediummathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-thickmathspace
"thickmathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-verythickmathspace
"verythickmathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-veryverythickmathspace
"veryverythickmathspace CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-open
"open CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-close
"close CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-separators
"separators CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-subscriptshift
"subscriptshift CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-superscriptshift
"superscriptshift CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-accentunder
"accentunder ( true | false ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-align
"align CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-numalignJ
"numalign CDATA #IMPLIED" >J
<!ENTITY % att-denomalignJ
"denomalign CDATA #IMPLIED" >J
<!ENTITY % att-rowalign
"rowalign CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-columnalign
"columnalign CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-columnwidth
"columnwidth CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-groupalign
"groupalign CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-alignmentscope
"alignmentscope CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-rowspacing
"rowspacing CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-columnspacing
"columnspacing CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-rowlines
"rowlines CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-columnlines
"columnlines CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-frame
"frame ( none | solid | dashed ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-sideJ
"side ( left | right | leftoverlap | rightoverlap ) #IMPLIED" >J
<!ENTITY % att-framespacing
"framespacing CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-equalrows
"equalrows CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-equalcolumns
"equalcolumns CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-tableinfo
"%att-align;
%att-rowalign;
%att-columnalign;
%att-columnwidth;
%att-groupalign;
%att-alignmentscope;
%att-side;J
%att-rowspacing;
%att-columnspacing;
%att-rowlines;
%att-columnlines;
%att-width;J
%att-frame;
%att-framespacing;
%att-equalrows;
%att-equalcolumns;
%att-displaystyle;"
>
<!ENTITY % att-rowspan
"rowspan CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-columnspan
"columnspan CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-edge
"edge ( left | right ) #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-actiontype
"actiontype CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-selection
"selection CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-name
"name CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-alt
"alt CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-index
"index CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-bevelled
"bevelled CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!-- Presentation schemata with content -->
<!ENTITY % ptoken
"%mi.qname; | %mn.qname; | %mo.qname;
| %mtext.qname; | %ms.qname;" >
<!ATTLIST %mi.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-fontinfo;
>
<!ATTLIST %mn.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-fontinfo;
>
<!ATTLIST %mo.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-fontinfo;
%att-opinfo;
>
<!ATTLIST %mtext.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-fontinfo;
>
<!ATTLIST %ms.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-fontinfo;
%att-lquote;
%att-rquote;
>
<!-- Empty presentation schemata -->
<!ENTITY % petoken
"%mspace.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %mspace.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %mspace.qname;
%att-sizeinfo;
%att-linebreak;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!-- Presentation: general layout schemata -->
<!ENTITY % pgenschema
"%mrow.qname; | %mfrac.qname; | %msqrt.qname; | %mroot.qname;
| %menclose.qname; | %mstyle.qname; | %merror.qname;
| %mpadded.qname; | %mphantom.qname; | %mfenced.qname;" >
<!ATTLIST %mrow.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %mfrac.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-bevelled;J
%att-numalign;J
%att-denomalign;J
%att-linethickness;
>
<!ATTLIST %msqrt.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %menclose.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
notation CDATA 'longdiv' >
<!ATTLIST %mroot.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %mstyle.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-fontinfo;
%att-opinfo;
%att-lquote;
%att-rquote;
%att-linethickness;
%att-scriptlevel;
%att-scriptsizemultiplier;
%att-scriptminsize;
%att-background;
%att-veryverythinmathspace;
%att-verythinmathspace;
%att-thinmathspace;
%att-mediummathspace;
%att-thickmathspace;
%att-verythickmathspace;
%att-veryverythickmathspace;
%att-open;
%att-close;
%att-separators;
%att-subscriptshift;
%att-superscriptshift;
%att-accentunder;
%att-tableinfo;
%att-rowspan;
%att-columnspan;
%att-edge;
%att-selection;
%att-bevelled;J
>
<!ATTLIST %merror.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %mpadded.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-sizeinfo;
%att-lspace;
>
<!ATTLIST %mphantom.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %mfenced.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-open;
%att-close;
%att-separators;
>
<!-- Presentation layout schemata: scripts and limits -->
<!ENTITY % pscrschema
"%msub.qname; | %msup.qname; | %msubsup.qname; | %munder.qname;
| %mover.qname; | %munderover.qname; | %mmultiscripts.qname;" >
<!ATTLIST %msub.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-subscriptshift;
>
<!ATTLIST %msup.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-superscriptshift;
>
<!ATTLIST %msubsup.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-subscriptshift;
%att-superscriptshift;
>
<!ATTLIST %munder.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-accentunder;
>
<!ATTLIST %mover.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-accent;
>
<!ATTLIST %munderover.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-accent;
%att-accentunder;
>
<!ATTLIST %mmultiscripts.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-subscriptshift;
%att-superscriptshift;
>
<!-- Presentation layout schemata: empty elements for scripts -->
<!ENTITY % pscreschema
"%mprescripts.qname; | %none.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %mprescripts.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %mprescripts.qname;
%MATHML.xmlns.attrib; >
<!ELEMENT %none.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %none.qname;
%MATHML.xmlns.attrib; >
<!-- Presentation layout schemata: tables -->
<![%MathMLstrict;[
<!-- in strict mode only allow mtable at top level.
mtr ,mlabledtr and mtd only allowed inside mtable.
-->
<!ENTITY % ptabschema "%mtable.qname;" >
]]>J
<!ENTITY % ptabschema
"%mtable.qname; | %mtr.qname; | %mlabeledtr.qname; | %mtd.qname;" >
<!ATTLIST %mtable.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-tableinfo;
>
<!ATTLIST %mtr.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-rowalign;
%att-columnalign;
%att-groupalign;
>
<!ATTLIST %mlabeledtr.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-rowalign;
%att-columnalign;
%att-groupalign;
>
<!ATTLIST %mtd.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-rowalign;
%att-columnalign;
%att-groupalign;
%att-rowspan;
%att-columnspan;
>
<!ENTITY % plschema
"%pgenschema; | %pscrschema; | %ptabschema;" >
<!-- Empty presentation layout schemata -->
<!ENTITY % peschema
"%maligngroup.qname; | %malignmark.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %malignmark.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %malignmark.qname;
%att-edge; >
<!ELEMENT %maligngroup.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %maligngroup.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-groupalign;
>
<!ELEMENT %mglyph.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %mglyph.qname;
%att-alt;
%att-fontfamily;
%att-index; >
<!-- Presentation action schemata -->
<!ENTITY % pactions
"%maction.qname;" >
<!ATTLIST %maction.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-actiontype;
%att-selection;
>
<!-- The following entity for substitution into
content constructs excludes elements that
are not valid as expressions.
-->
<!ENTITY % PresInCont
"%ptoken; | %petoken; |
%plschema; | %peschema; | %pactions;" >
<!-- Presentation entity: all presentation constructs -->
<![%MathMLstrict;[
<!-- In strict mode don't allow prescripts and none at top level.-->
<!ENTITY % Presentation "%PresInCont;">
]]>J
<!ENTITY % Presentation
"%ptoken; | %petoken; | %pscreschema; |
%plschema; | %peschema; | %pactions;">
<!-- Content element set ........................................ -->
<!-- Attribute definitions -->
<!ENTITY % att-base
"base CDATA '10'" >
<!ENTITY % att-closure
"closure CDATA 'closed'" >
<!ENTITY % att-definition
"definitionURL CDATA ''" >
<!ENTITY % att-encoding
"encoding CDATA ''" >
<!ENTITY % att-nargs
"nargs CDATA '1'" >
<!ENTITY % att-occurrence
"occurrence CDATA 'function-model'" >
<!ENTITY % att-order
"order CDATA 'numeric'" >
<!ENTITY % att-scope
"scope CDATA 'local'" >
<!ENTITY % att-type
"type CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!-- Content elements: leaf nodes -->
<!ENTITY % ctoken
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<!ENTITY % cgenrel2ary
"%neq.qname; | %factorof.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %neq.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %neq.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %factorof.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %factorof.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ENTITY % cgenrelnary
"%eq.qname; | %leq.qname; | %lt.qname; | %geq.qname;
| %gt.qname;| %equivalent.qname; | %approx.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %eq.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %eq.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %equivalent.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %equivalent.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %approx.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %approx.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %gt.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %gt.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %lt.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %lt.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %geq.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %geq.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %leq.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %leq.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ENTITY % csetrel2ary
"%in.qname; | %notin.qname; | %notsubset.qname; | %notprsubset.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %in.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %in.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %notin.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %notin.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %notsubset.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %notsubset.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %notprsubset.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %notprsubset.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ENTITY % csetrelnary
"%subset.qname; | %prsubset.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %subset.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %subset.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ELEMENT %prsubset.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %prsubset.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
>
<!ENTITY % cseqrel2ary
"%tendsto.qname;" >
<!ELEMENT %tendsto.qname; EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST %tendsto.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-definition;
%att-encoding;
%att-type;
>
<!-- Content elements: quantifiers -->
<!ENTITY % cquantifier
"%lowlimit.qname; | %uplimit.qname; | %bvar.qname;
| %degree.qname; | %logbase.qname;
| %momentabout.qname; | %domainofapplication.qname; " >
<!ATTLIST %lowlimit.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %uplimit.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %bvar.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %degree.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %logbase.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %momentabout.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!ATTLIST %domainofapplication.qname;
%MATHML.Common.attrib;
>
<!-- Operator groups -->
<!ENTITY % cop1ary
"%cfuncop1ary; | %carithop1ary; | %clogicop1ary; |
%ccalcop1ary; | %ctrigop; | %clalgop1ary; |
%csetop1ary;" >
<!ENTITY % cop2ary
"%carithop2ary; | %clogicop2ary;| %clalgop2ary; | %csetop2ary;" >
<!ENTITY % copnary
"%cfuncopnary; | %carithopnary; | %clogicopnary; |
%csetopnary; | %cstatopnary; | %clalgopnary;" >
<!ENTITY % copmisc
"%carithoproot; | %carithop1or2ary; | %ccalcop; |
%cseqop; | %cstatopmoment; | %clogicopquant;" >
<!-- Relation groups -->
<!ENTITY % crel2ary
"%cgenrel2ary; | %csetrel2ary; | %cseqrel2ary;" >
<!ENTITY % crelnary
"%cgenrelnary; | %csetrelnary;" >
<!-- Content constructs: all -->
<!ENTITY % Content
"%ctoken; | %cspecial; | %cother; | %csemantics; | %c0ary;
| %cconstructor; | %cquantifier; | %cop1ary; | %cop2ary;
| %copnary; |%copmisc; | %crel2ary; | %crelnary;" >
<!-- Content constructs for substitution in presentation structures -->
<!ENTITY % ContInPres
"%ci.qname; |%csymbol.qname;| %cn.qname; | %c0ary; |
%apply.qname; | %fn.qname; |
%lambda.qname; | %reln.qname; |
%cconstructor; |
%semantics.qname; |%declare.qname;" >
<!-- ............................................................. -->
<!-- Recursive definition for content of expressions. Include
presentation constructs at lowest level so presentation
layout schemata hold presentation or content elements.
Include content constructs at lowest level so content
elements hold PCDATA or presentation elements at leaf
level (for permitted substitutable elements in context)
-->
<![%MathMLstrict;[
<!-- in strict mode don't allow presentation in content
except where allowed by chapter 5:
ci, cn, csymbol, semantics
-->
<!ENTITY % ContentExpression "(%Content;)*" >
<!ENTITY % semanticsContentExpression
"(%Content; | %PresInCont; |
%annotation.qname; | %annotation-xml.qname;)*" >
]]>J
<!ENTITY % ContentExpression
"(%Content; | %PresInCont;)*" >
<!ENTITY % semanticsContentExpression "%ContentExpression;">
<!ENTITY % PresExpression
"(%Presentation; | %ContInPres;)*" >
<!ENTITY % MathExpression
"(%PresInCont; | %ContInPres;)*" >
<!-- PCDATA or MathML character elements -->
<!ENTITY % MathMLCharacters
"#PCDATA | %mglyph.qname; " >
<!-- Content elements: tokens -->
<!-- (may contain embedded presentation constructs) -->
<!ELEMENT %ci.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; | %PresInCont;)* >
<!ELEMENT %csymbol.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; | %PresInCont;)* >
<!ELEMENT %cn.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; | %sep.qname; | %PresInCont;)* >
<!-- Content elements: special -->
<!ELEMENT %apply.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %reln.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %lambda.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!-- Content elements: other -->
<!ELEMENT %condition.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %declare.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!-- Content elements: semantics -->
<!ELEMENT %semantics.qname; (%semanticsContentExpression;) >
<!ENTITY % Annotation.content "( #PCDATA )" >
<!ELEMENT %annotation.qname; %Annotation.content; >
<!ENTITY % Annotation-xml.content "ANY" >
<!ELEMENT %annotation-xml.qname; %Annotation-xml.content; >
<!-- Content elements: constructors -->
<!ELEMENT %interval.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %set.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %list.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %vector.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %matrix.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %matrixrow.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %piecewise.qname; ((%piece.qname;)*, (%otherwise.qname;)? ) >
<!ELEMENT %piece.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %otherwise.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!-- Content elements: operator (user-defined) -->
<!ELEMENT %fn.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!-- Content elements: quantifiers -->
<!ELEMENT %lowlimit.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %uplimit.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %bvar.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %degree.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %logbase.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %momentabout.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %domainofapplication.qname; (%ContentExpression;) >
<!-- ............................................................. -->
<!-- Presentation layout schemata contain tokens,
layout and content schemata.
-->
<![%MathMLstrict;[
<!-- In strict mode enforce mfrac has exactly two children same for
msub etc -->
<!ENTITY % onePresExpression
"(%Presentation; | %ContInPres;)" >
<!ENTITY % twoPresExpression
"(%onePresExpression;,%onePresExpression;)" >
<!ENTITY % threePresExpression
"(%onePresExpression;,%onePresExpression;,%onePresExpression;)" >
<!ENTITY % mtrPresExpression
"(%mtr.qname;|%mlabeledtr.qname;)*" >
<!ENTITY % mtdPresExpression
"(%mtd.qname;)*" >
<!ENTITY % prscrPresExpression " (
(%Presentation; | %ContInPres;|%none.qname;)*,
(%mprescripts.qname;,(%Presentation; | %ContInPres;|%none.qname;)*)?
)">
]]>J
<!-- By default keep them as they were in MathML 2.0 -->
<!ENTITY % onePresExpression "%PresExpression;">
<!ENTITY % twoPresExpression "%PresExpression;">
<!ENTITY % threePresExpression "%PresExpression;">
<!ENTITY % mtrPresExpression "%PresExpression;">
<!ENTITY % mtdPresExpression "%PresExpression;">
<!ENTITY % prscrPresExpression "%PresExpression;">
<!ELEMENT %mstyle.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %merror.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mphantom.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mrow.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mfrac.qname; (%twoPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %msqrt.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %menclose.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mroot.qname; (%twoPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %msub.qname; (%twoPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %msup.qname; (%twoPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %msubsup.qname; (%threePresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mmultiscripts.qname; (%prscrPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %munder.qname; (%twoPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mover.qname; (%twoPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %munderover.qname; (%threePresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mtable.qname; (%mtrPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mtr.qname; (%mtdPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mlabeledtr.qname; (%mtdPresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mtd.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %maction.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mfenced.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!ELEMENT %mpadded.qname; (%PresExpression;) >
<!-- Presentation elements contain PCDATA or malignmark constructs. -->
<!ELEMENT %mi.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; |
%malignmark.qname;)* >
<!ELEMENT %mn.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; |
%malignmark.qname;)* >
<!ELEMENT %mo.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; |
%malignmark.qname;)* >
<!ELEMENT %mtext.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; |
%malignmark.qname;)* >
<!ELEMENT %ms.qname; (%MathMLCharacters; |
%malignmark.qname;)* >
<!-- Browser interface definition ............................... -->
<!-- Attributes for top-level element "math" -->
<!ENTITY % att-macros
"macros CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-mode
"mode CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-display
"display CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-schemalocation
"%Schema.prefix;:schemaLocation CDATA #IMPLIED">J
<!ENTITY % att-topinfo
"%MATHML.Common.attrib;
%att-schemalocation;J
%att-macros;
%att-mode;
%att-display;" >
<!-- Attributes for browser interface element -->
<!ENTITY % att-baseline
"baseline CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-overflow
"overflow ( scroll | elide | truncate | scale ) 'scroll'" >
<!ENTITY % att-altimg
"altimg CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-alttext
"alttext CDATA #IMPLIED" >
<!ENTITY % att-browif
"%att-type;
%att-name;
%att-height;
%att-width;
%att-baseline;
%att-overflow;
%att-altimg;
%att-alttext;" >
<!-- ............................................................. -->
<!-- The top-level element "math" contains MathML encoded
mathematics. The "math" element has the browser info
attributes iff it is also the browser interface element.
-->
<!ELEMENT %math.qname; (%MathExpression;) >
<!ATTLIST %math.qname;
%att-topinfo;
%att-browif; >
<!-- MathML Character Entities .............................................. -->
<!ENTITY % mathml-charent.module "INCLUDE" >
<![%mathml-charent.module;[
<!-- Entity sets from ISO Technical Report 9573-13 ..... -->
<!ENTITY % ent-isoamsa
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Math Symbols: Arrow Relations for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isoamsa.ent" >
%ent-isoamsa;
<!ENTITY % ent-isoamsb
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Math Symbols: Binary Operators for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isoamsb.ent" >
%ent-isoamsb;
<!ENTITY % ent-isoamsc
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Math Symbols: Delimiters for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isoamsc.ent" >
%ent-isoamsc;
<!ENTITY % ent-isoamsn
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Math Symbols: Negated Relations for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isoamsn.ent" >
%ent-isoamsn;
<!ENTITY % ent-isoamso
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Math Symbols: Ordinary for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isoamso.ent" >
%ent-isoamso;
<!ENTITY % ent-isoamsr
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Math Symbols: Relations for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isoamsr.ent" >
%ent-isoamsr;
<!ENTITY % ent-isogrk3
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Greek Symbols for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isogrk3.ent" >
%ent-isogrk3;
<!ENTITY % ent-isomfrk
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Math Alphabets: Fraktur for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isomfrk.ent" >
%ent-isomfrk;
<!ENTITY % ent-isomopf
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Math Alphabets: Open Face for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isomopf.ent" >
%ent-isomopf;
<!ENTITY % ent-isomscr
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Math Alphabets: Script for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isomscr.ent" >
%ent-isomscr;
<!ENTITY % ent-isotech
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES General Technical for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso9573-13/isotech.ent" >
%ent-isotech;
<!-- Entity sets from informative annex to ISO 8879:1986 (SGML) ....... -->
<!ENTITY % ent-isobox
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Box and Line Drawing for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isobox.ent" >
%ent-isobox;
<!ENTITY % ent-isocyr1
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Russian Cyrillic for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isocyr1.ent" >
%ent-isocyr1;
<!ENTITY % ent-isocyr2
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Non-Russian Cyrillic for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isocyr2.ent" >
%ent-isocyr2;
<!ENTITY % ent-isodia
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Diacritical Marks for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isodia.ent" >
%ent-isodia;
<!ENTITY % ent-isolat1
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Latin 1 for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isolat1.ent" >
%ent-isolat1;
<!ENTITY % ent-isolat2
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Added Latin 2 for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isolat2.ent" >
%ent-isolat2;
<!ENTITY % ent-isonum
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Numeric and Special Graphic for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isonum.ent" >
%ent-isonum;
<!ENTITY % ent-isopub
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Publishing for MathML 2.0//EN"
"iso8879/isopub.ent" >
%ent-isopub;
<!-- New characters defined by MathML ............................ -->
<!ENTITY % ent-mmlextra
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Extra for MathML 2.0//EN"
"mathml/mmlextra.ent" >
%ent-mmlextra;
<!-- MathML aliases for characters defined above ................. -->
<!ENTITY % ent-mmlalias
PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Aliases for MathML 2.0//EN"
"mathml/mmlalias.ent" >
%ent-mmlalias;
<!-- end of MathML Character Entity section -->]]>
<!-- Revision History:
Initial draft (syntax = XML) 1997-05-09
Stephen Buswell
Revised 1997-05-14
Robert Miner
Revised 1997-06-29 and 1997-07-02
Stephen Buswell
Revised 1997-12-15
Stephen Buswell
Revised 1998-02-08
Stephen Buswell
Revised 1998-04-04
Stephen Buswell
Entities and small revisions 1999-02-21
David Carlisle
Added attribute definitionURL to ci and cn 1999-10-11
Nico Poppelier
Additions for MathML 2 1999-12-16
David Carlisle
Namespace support 2000-01-14
David Carlisle
XHTML Compatibility 2000-02-23
Murray Altheim
New content elements 2000-03-26
David Carlisle
Further revisions for MathML2 CR draft 2000-07-11
David Carlisle
Further revisions for MathML2 CR draft 2000-10-31J
David CarlisleJ
Revisions for Unicode 3.2 2002-05-21J
David CarlisleJ
Add width and side attributes to mtable (to align with the specification) 2002-06-05J
David CarlisleJ
Use %XLINK.prefix rather than hardwired xlink:, add xlink:type 2002-06-12J
David CarlisleJ
Add missing numalign and denomalign attributes for mfrac 2002-07-05J
David CarlisleJ
Add MathMLstrict entity and related extra constraints 2002-12-05J
David CarlisleJ
Add support for xi:schemaLocation 2003-04-05J
David CarlisleJ
Removed actiontype from mstyle (to match spec) 2003-04-07J
David CarlisleJ
-->
<!-- end of MathML 2.0 DTD ................................................ -->
<!-- ....................................................................... -->
MathML fragments can be validated using the XML Schema for MathML,
located at http://www.w3.org/Math/XMLSchema/mathml2/mathml2.xsd. The
provided schema allows checking a MathML fragment in a stricter way
than by performing DTD validation, in particular with complex content models
such as within the mmultiscripts element, or
constrained attribute values such as linethickness. Additionally, XML
Schemas have the advantage over DTDs of supporting the XML
namespaces mechanism. Thus a MathML fragment can declare any
namespace prefix (and possibly more than one), without the requirement
that the author indicate it using a parameter entity, as described
above.
Note:
In its current state, the schema rejects deprecated markup,
the reln element, the deprecated style attributes,
and inferred mtr and mtd
elements in tables. The Working Group believes that it is a better
solution to encourage better authoring of MathML documents. However it
could be argued that this makes the schema fail to be an
output schema, in the sense that existing documents which are
legal MathML 2 instances will not pass validation by this schema. The
Working Group welcomes feedback on the question of allowing deprecated features, or not, or provide two schemas.
Similarly to the DOCTYPE Declaration used in documents, it is possible to link a MathML fragment to the XML Schema, as shown below.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML
http://www.w3.org/Math/XMLSchema/mathml2/mathml2.xsd">
...
</mml:math>The schemaLocation attribute belongs to the XML Schema
instance namespace, defined in [XMLSchemas]. The value
of the attribute is a pair of URIs: the first is the MathML namespace
URI and the second is the location of the schema for that
namespace. The second URI may be changed to that of a local copy if
required.
As the XML Schema specification indicates, the use of the
schemaLocation attribute is only a hint for schema
processors: validation by a MathML-aware processor can be performed
without requiring that the schemaLocation attribute be
declared in the instance. Moreover, a processor can even ignore or
override the specified schema URI, if it is directed to.
Note that the file mathml.xsd at the URI given above
is only the main body of the schema, and is one of many files that
constitute the MathML XML Schema. However the complete set of files is
available as a gzipped tar archive
for local use.
Although validating a MathML fragment with the XML Schema provided
performs more checks regarding the structure of the fragment than the
DTD, DTD processing is still necessary if the MathML markup contains
entity references for characters and symbols, as XML Schema does not
provide a mechanism for expanding named entities. Therefore the
MathML DOCTYPE declaration must still be present if one wishes to use
entities for mathematical symbols, such as
ⅆ. An example of a MathML document
linking to both the MathML DTD and the XML Schema is shown below.
<!DOCTYPE mml:math
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD MathML 2.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Math/DTD/mathml2/mathml2.dtd" [
<!ENTITY % MATHML.prefixed "INCLUDE">
<!ENTITY % MATHML.prefix "mml">
]>
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML
http://www.w3.org/Math/XMLSchema/mathml2/mathml2.xsd">
...
<mml:mo> ⅆ </mml:mo>
...
</mml:math>The use of character references to represent characters and
symbols, such as ⅆ (which is equivalent
to ⅆ) does not necessitate the use of a
DOCTYPE declaration.