Contents
The properties defined in the following sections affect the visual presentation of characters, spaces, words, and paragraphs.
Value: | <length> | <percentage> | inherit |
Initial: | 0 |
Applies to: | block-level elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | refer to width of containing block |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | absolute length |
This property specifies the indentation of the first line of text in a block. More precisely, it specifies the indentation of the first box that flows into the block's first line box. The box is indented with respect to the left (or right, for right-to-left layout) edge of the line box. User agents should render this indentation as blank space.
Values have the following meanings:
The value of 'text-indent' may be negative, but there may be implementation-specific limits. If the value of 'text-indent' is negative, the value of 'overflow' will affect whether the text is visible.
The following example causes a '3em' text indent.
p { text-indent: 3em }
Note: Since the 'text-indent' property inherits, when specified on
a block element, it will affect descendent inline-block elements.
For this reason, it is often wise to specify 'text-indent: 0
'
on elements that are specified 'display:inline-block
'.
Value: | left | right | center | justify | |
Initial: | depends on user agent and writing direction |
Applies to: | block-level elements and table cells |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | as specified |
This property describes how inline content of a block is aligned. Values have the following meanings:
<string> Specifies a string on which cells in a table column will align (see the section on horizontal alignment in a column for details and an example). This value applies only to table cells. If set on other elements, it will be treated as 'left' or 'right', depending on whether 'direction' is 'ltr', or 'rtl', respectively.A block of text is a stack of line
boxes. In the case of 'left', 'right' and 'center', this property specifies
how the inline boxes within each line box align with respect to the line
box's left and right sides; alignment is not with respect to the viewport. In the case of 'justify',
the UA may stretch the inline boxes in addition to adjusting their
positions. (See also 'letter-spacing' and 'word-spacing'.)
In this example, note that since 'text-align' is inherited, all
block-level elements inside the DIV element with 'class=center''class=important' will
have their inline content centered.
DIV.centerdiv.important { text-align: center }
Note.
The actual justification algorithm used isdepends on the user-agent and written language dependent.the language/script
of the text.
Conforming user agents may interpret the value 'justify' as 'left' or 'right', depending on whether the element's default writing direction is left-to-right or right-to-left, respectively.
Value: | none | [ underline || overline || line-through || blink ] | inherit |
Initial: | none |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | no (see prose) |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | as specified |
This property describes decorations that are added to the text of an element. If the property is specified for a block-level element, it affects all inline-level descendants of the element. If it is specified for (or affects) an inline-level element, it affects all boxes generated by the element. If the element has no content or no text content (e.g., the IMG element in HTML), user agents must ignore this property.
Values have the following meanings:
The color(s) required for the text decoration shouldmust be derived
from the 'color' property value.
This property is not inherited, but descendant boxes of a block box should be formatted with the same decoration (e.g., they should all be underlined). The color of decorations should remain the same even if descendant elements have different 'color' values.
In the following example for HTML, the text content of all A elements acting as hyperlinks (whether visited or not) will be underlined:
A[href]a:visited,a:link { text-decoration: underline }
Value: | |
Initial: | |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | 'normal' or absolute length |
This property accepts a comma-separated list of shadow effects to be applied to thespecifies spacing behavior between
text of the element.characters. Values have the shadow effects are applied infollowing meanings:
Character spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent. Character spacing may also be influenced by justification (see the 'text-align' property).
In this example, the space between characters in BLOCKQUOTE elements is increased by '0.1em'.
blockquote { letter-spacing: 0.1em }
In the following example, the user agent is not permitted to alter inter-character space:
blockquote { letter-spacing: 0cm } /* Same as '0' */
When the resultant space between two characters is not the same as the default space, user agents should not use ligatures.
Value: | normal | <length> | inherit |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | for 'normal' the value '0'; otherwise the absolute length |
This property specifies spacing behavior between words. Values have the following meanings:
Word spacing algorithms are user agent-dependent. Word spacing is also influenced by justification (see the 'text-align' property).
In this example, the word-spacing between each word in H1 elements is increased by '1em'.
h1 { word-spacing: 1em }
Value: | capitalize | uppercase | lowercase | none | inherit |
Initial: | none |
Applies to: | all elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | as specified |
This property controls capitalization effects of an element's text. Values have the following meanings:
The actual transformation in each case is written language dependent. See RFC 2070 ([RFC2070]) for ways to find the language of an element.
Conforming user agents may consider the value of 'text-transform' to be 'none' for characters that are not from the Latin-1 repertoire and for elements in languages for which the transformation is different from that specified by the case-conversion tables of ISO 10646 ([ISO10646]).
In this example, all text in an H1 element is transformed to uppercase text.
h1 { text-transform: uppercase }
Value: | normal | pre | nowrap | pre-wrap | pre-line | inherit |
Initial: | normal |
Applies to: | block-level elements |
Inherited: | yes |
Percentages: | N/A |
Media: | visual |
Computed value: | as specified |
This property declares how whitespace inside the element is handled. Values have the following meanings:
The following examples show what whitespace behavior is expected
from the PRE and P elements, andthe "nowrap" attribute in HTML.HTML, and
in generated content.
pre { white-space: pre } p { white-space: normal } td[nowrap] { white-space: nowrap }Conforminguseragentsmayignore:before,:after { white-space: pre-line }
In addition, the effect of an HTML PRE element with the non-standard "wrap" attribute is demonstrated by the following example:
pre[wrap] { white-space: pre-wrap }
Any text that is directly contained inside a valueblock (not inside an
inline) should be treated as an anonymous inline element.
For each inline (including anonymous inlines), the following steps are performed, ignoring bidi formatting characters as if they were not there:
Then, the entire block is rendered. Inlines are laid out, taking bidi reordering into account, and wrapping as specified by the 'white-space' property.
As each line is laid out,