Securing Verifiable Credentials using JOSE and COSE

This specification defines how to secure media types expressing Verifiable Credentials and Verifiable Presentations as described in [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0] using approaches defined by the JOSE, OAuth, and COSE working groups at the IETF. This includes JSON Web Signature (JWS) [RFC7515], Selective Disclosure for JWTs [SD-JWT], and CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) [RFC9052]. It uses content types [RFC6838] to distinguish between the data types of unsecured documents conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0] and the data types of secured documents conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

JSON Web Signature (JWS) [RFC7515] defines a standard means of digitally signing documents, including JSON documents, using JSON-based data structures. It provides a means to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation of the information contained in the document. Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT) [SD-JWT] builds on JWS by also providing a mechanism enabling selective disclosure of document elements. These properties make JWS and SD-JWT especially well-suited to securing documents conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) [RFC9052] defines a standard means of representing digitally signed data structures using Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) [RFC8949]. Like JWS, COSE provides a standardized way to secure the integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality of information. It offers a flexible and extensible set of cryptographic options, allowing for a wide range of algorithms to be used for signing and encryption.

COSE supports two main operations: signing and encryption. For signing, COSE allows the creation of digital signatures over CBOR data using various algorithms such as RSA, ECDSA, and EdDSA. These signatures provide assurance of data integrity and authenticity. COSE also supports encryption, enabling the confidentiality of CBOR data by encrypting it with symmetric or asymmetric encryption algorithms.

As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative.

The key words MAY, MUST, MUST NOT, NOT RECOMMENDED, RECOMMENDED, SHOULD, and SHOULD NOT in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

A conforming JWS document is one that conforms to all of the "MUST" statements in Section 3.1 With JOSE.

A conforming JWS issuer implementation produces conforming JWS documents and MUST secure them as described in Section 3.1 With JOSE.

A conforming JWS verifier implementation verifies conforming JWS documents as described in Section 3.1 With JOSE.

A conforming SD-JWT document is one that conforms to all of the "MUST" statements in Section 3.2 With SD-JWT.

A conforming SD-JWT issuer implementation produces conforming SD-JWT documents and MUST secure them as described in Section 3.2 With SD-JWT.

A conforming SD-JWT verifier implementation verifies conforming SD-JWT documents as described in Section 3.2 With SD-JWT.

A conforming COSE document is one that conforms to all of the "MUST" statements in Section 3.3 With COSE.

A conforming COSE issuer implementation produces conforming COSE documents and MUST secure them as described in Section 3.3 With COSE.

A conforming COSE verifier implementation verifies conforming COSE documents as described in Section 3.3 With COSE.

The Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 describes the approach taken by this specification to secure JSON and CBOR claims by applying an enveloping proof.

This specification defines how to secure different data structures using various enveloping proof mechanisms:

JSON Web Token (JWT):: A JWT secures a JWT Claims Set, in its entirety. A JWT Claims Set is a JSON object containing one or more claims about an entity (typically the subject of the JWT). If any part of the JWT Claims Set is to be revealed, all claims in that set must be revealed; there is no option to reveal (or conceal) some of the claims while concealing (or revealing) the others.
Selective Disclosure JSON Web Token (SD-JWT):: An SD-JWT secures a JWT Claims Set, similar to a JWT securing a JWT Claims Set, but with the added capabilities of selectively revealing or withholding parts of the JWT Claims Set. A JWT Claims Set is one or more claims about an entity (typically the subject of the SD-JWT).
CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE):: COSE secures CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) data structures. CBOR is a binary data format that is more compact than JSON and is designed for constrained environments.

In the context of Verifiable Credentials:

When using JWTs, the Verifiable Credential or Presentation is encoded as a JWT Claims Set.
When using SD-JWTs, the Verifiable Credential or Presentation is encoded as a JWT Claims Set with Selective Disclosure features.
When using COSE, the Verifiable Credential or Presentation is encoded as a CBOR data structure.

In all cases, the underlying data model of the Verifiable Credential or Presentation remains consistent with the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], but the encoding and security mechanisms differ.

The normative statements in Securing Mechanisms apply to securing application/vc+jwt and application/vp+jwt, application/vc+sd-jwt and application/vp+sd-jwt, application/vc+cose and application/vp+cose.

JSON Web Token implementers are advised to review Implementation Requirements.

Issuers, Holders, and Verifiers of JWTs MUST understand the effect of the JSON Web Token header parameter setting of "alg": "none" when using JSON Web Tokens to secure [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]. When content types from the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0] are secured using JSON Web Tokens, the header parameter setting of "alg": "none" is used to communicate that a Verifiable Credential or Verifiable Presentation encoded as a JWT Claims Set has no integrity protection.

Issuers, Holders, and Verifiers MUST ignore all JWT Claims Sets that have no integrity protection.

The JWT Claim Names vc and vp MUST NOT be present in any JWT Claims Set that comprises a verifiable credential or a verifiable presentation.

This specification uses Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT) as defined in the IETF draft [SD-JWT]. Implementers SHOULD refer to this draft for the full details of the SD-JWT format and processing requirements.

An SD-JWT consists of three main parts: the SD-JWT itself, optional disclosures, and an optional KB-JWT (Key Binding JWT). These parts are separated by tilde (~) characters.
If the KB-JWT is not present, the SD-JWT must end with a tilde (~) character. This is crucial for correct parsing and processing of the SD-JWT.
Selective disclosure is achieved through the use of disclosure objects. These are base64url-encoded JSON arrays containing the digest of the disclosed claim, the claim name, and the claim value.
Each disclosable claim is combined with a salt value before hashing to prevent dictionary attacks.

This section defines the terms used in this specification. A link to these terms is included whenever they appear in this specification.

public key: Cryptographic material that can be used to verify digital proofs created with a corresponding private key.
private key: Cryptographic material that can be used to generate digital proofs.
verifiable credential: A standard data model and representation format for expressing cryptographically-verifiable digital credentials, as defined by the W3C Verifiable Credentials specification [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].
controlled identifier document: A document that contains public cryptographic material as defined in the Controlled Identifiers v1.0 specification.

This section outlines how to secure documents conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0] using JOSE, SD-JWT, and COSE.

Documents conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], and their associated media types, rely on JSON-LD, which is an extensible format for describing linked data; see JSON-LD Relationship to RDF.

A benefit to this approach is that payloads can be made to conform directly to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0] without any mappings or transformation, while at the same time supporting registered header parameters and claims that are understood in the context of JOSE, SD-JWT, and COSE.

It is RECOMMENDED that media types be used to distinguish verifiable credentials and verifiable presentations from other kinds of secured JSON or CBOR.

The most specific media type (or subtype) available SHOULD be used, instead of more generic media types (or supertypes). For example, rather than the general application/sd-jwt, application/vc+sd-jwt SHOULD be used, unless there is a more specific media type that would even better identify the secured envelope format.

If implementations do not know which media type to use, media types defined in this specification MUST be used.

This section details how to use JOSE to secure verifiable credentials conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

A conforming JWS issuer implementation MUST use [RFC7515] to secure this media type. The unsecured verifiable credential is the unencoded JWS payload.

The typ header parameter SHOULD be vc+jwt. When present, the cty header parameter SHOULD be vc. The cty header parameter value can be used to differentiate between secured content of different types when using vc+jwt. The content type header parameter is optional, and can be used to express a more specific media type than application/vc when one is available. See Registered Header Parameter Names for additional details regarding usage of typ and cty.

A conforming JWS verifier implementation MUST use [RFC7515] to verify conforming JWS documents that use this media type.

To encrypt a secured verifiable credential when transmitting over an insecure channel, implementers MAY use JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [RFC7516] by nesting the secured verifiable credential as the plaintext payload of a JWE, per the description of Nested JWTs in [RFC7519].

Example 1: A simple example of a verifiable credential secured with JOSE

Credential
jose

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "http://university.example/credentials/3732",
  "type": ["VerifiableCredential", "ExampleDegreeCredential", "ExamplePersonCredential"],
  "issuer": "https://university.example/issuers/14",
  "validFrom": "2010-01-01T19:23:24Z",
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21",
    "degree": {
      "type": "ExampleBachelorDegree",
      "name": "Bachelor of Science and Arts"
    },
    "alumniOf": {
      "name": "Example University"
    }
  },
  "credentialSchema": [{
    "id": "https://example.org/examples/degree.json",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://example.org/examples/alumni.json",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  }]
}

Protected Headers

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

application/vc

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "http://university.example/credentials/3732",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "ExampleDegreeCredential",
    "ExamplePersonCredential"
  ],
  "issuer": "https://university.example/issuers/14",
  "validFrom": "2010-01-01T19:23:24Z",
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21",
    "degree": {
      "type": "ExampleBachelorDegree",
      "name": "Bachelor of Science and Arts"
    },
    "alumniOf": {
      "name": "Example University"
    }
  },
  "credentialSchema": [
    {
      "id": "https://example.org/examples/degree.json",
      "type": "JsonSchema"
    },
    {
      "id": "https://example.org/examples/alumni.json",
      "type": "JsonSchema"
    }
  ]
}

application/vc+jwt

See Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 for more details regarding this example.

This section details how to use JOSE to secure verifiable presentations conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

A conforming JWS issuer implementation MUST use [RFC7515] to secure this media type. The unsecured verifiable presentation is the unencoded JWS payload.

The typ header parameter SHOULD be vp+jwt. When present, the cty header parameter SHOULD be vp. The cty header parameter value can be used to differentiate between secured content of different types when using vp+jwt. The content type header parameter is optional, and can be used to express a more specific media type than application/vc when one is available. See Registered Header Parameter Names for additional details regarding usage of typ and cty.

A conforming JWS verifier implementation MUST use [RFC7515] to verify conforming JWS documents that use this media type.

Verifiable Credentials secured in verifiable presentations MUST use the Enveloped Verifiable Credential type defined by the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

Verifiable Presentations in verifiable presentations MUST use the Enveloped Verifiable Presentation type defined by the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

Credentials in verifiable presentations MUST be secured. In this case, these credentials are secured using JWS.

To encrypt a secured verifiable presentation when transmitting over an insecure channel, implementers MAY use JSON Web Encryption (JWE) [RFC7516] by nesting the secured verifiable presentation as the plaintext payload of a JWE, per the description of Nested JWTs in [RFC7519].

Example 2: A simple example of a verifiable presentation secured with JOSE with the EnvelopedVerifiableCredential type

Presentation
jose

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [{
    "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2"],
    "type": ["EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"],
    "id": "data:application/vc+jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMzODQifQ.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.d2k4O3FytQJf83kLh-HsXuPvh6yeOlhJELVo5TF71gu7elslQyOf2ZItAXrtbXF4Kz9WivNdztOayz4VUQ0Mwa8yCDZkP9B2pH-9S_tcAFxeoeJ6Z4XnFuL_DOfkR1fP"
  }]
}

Protected Headers

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

application/vp

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMzODQifQ.eyJAY29udGV4dCI6WyJodHRwczovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvbnMvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvdjIiLCJodHRwczovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvbnMvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvZXhhbXBsZXMvdjIiXSwiaWQiOiJodHRwOi8vdW5pdmVyc2l0eS5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzLzE4NzIiLCJ0eXBlIjpbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwiRXhhbXBsZUFsdW1uaUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXSwiaXNzdWVyIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvaXNzdWVycy81NjUwNDkiLCJ2YWxpZEZyb20iOiIyMDEwLTAxLTAxVDE5OjIzOjI0WiIsImNyZWRlbnRpYWxTY2hlbWEiOnsiaWQiOiJodHRwczovL2V4YW1wbGUub3JnL2V4YW1wbGVzL2RlZ3JlZS5qc29uIiwidHlwZSI6Ikpzb25TY2hlbWEifSwiY3JlZGVudGlhbFN1YmplY3QiOnsiaWQiOiJkaWQ6ZXhhbXBsZToxMjMiLCJkZWdyZWUiOnsidHlwZSI6IkJhY2hlbG9yRGVncmVlIiwibmFtZSI6IkJhY2hlbG9yIG9mIFNjaWVuY2UgYW5kIEFydHMifX19.d2k4O3FytQJf83kLh-HsXuPvh6yeOlhJELVo5TF71gu7elslQyOf2ZItAXrtbXF4Kz9WivNdztOayz4VUQ0Mwa8yCDZkP9B2pH-9S_tcAFxeoeJ6Z4XnFuL_DOfkR1fP;data:application/vc+jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMzODQifQ.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.d2k4O3FytQJf83kLh-HsXuPvh6yeOlhJELVo5TF71gu7elslQyOf2ZItAXrtbXF4Kz9WivNdztOayz4VUQ0Mwa8yCDZkP9B2pH-9S_tcAFxeoeJ6Z4XnFuL_DOfkR1fP",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    }
  ]
}

application/vp+jwt

See Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 for more details regarding this example.

Example 3: A simple example of a verifiable presentation secured with JOSE with the EnvelopedVerifiablePresentation type

Presentation
jose

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "EnvelopedVerifiablePresentation",
  "id": "data:application/vp+jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ.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.DiZfXw5jTXeDBobq5ZdcL3S3o8mioZJlqo3iHDtLcEww5L_n2ZJfAJU-a-SmqvMYM--7w4CmeOfq890UGsg_aQ"
}

Protected Headers

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

application/vp

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "EnvelopedVerifiablePresentation",
  "id": "data:application/vp+jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ.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.DiZfXw5jTXeDBobq5ZdcL3S3o8mioZJlqo3iHDtLcEww5L_n2ZJfAJU-a-SmqvMYM--7w4CmeOfq890UGsg_aQ"
}

application/vp+jwt

eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ .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 .ndvXgG0tEU5qu5B9hoYgQBSExPrjgQSs8mO1Sd62hUVyfeND3Dcym5gFL4gr_rM-_0glipfbNTZK7BxvSoibHw

See Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 for more details regarding this example.

Implementations MUST support the JWS compact serialization. Use of the JWS JSON serialization is NOT RECOMMENDED.

This section is non-normative.

When present in the JOSE Header or the JWT Claims Set, members registered in the IANA JSON Web Token Claims registry or the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry are to be interpreted as defined by the specifications referenced in the registries.

The normative statements in Registered Header Parameter Names, JOSE Header, and Replicating Claims as Header Parameters apply to securing credentials and presentations.

The unencoded JOSE Header is JSON (application/json), not JSON-LD (application/ld+json).

It is RECOMMENDED to use the IANA JSON Web Token Claims registry and the IANA JSON Web Signature and Encryption Header Parameters registry to identify any claims and header parameters that might be confused with members defined by [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]. These include but are not limited to: iss, kid, alg, iat, exp, and cnf.

When the iat (Issued At) and/or exp (Expiration Time) JWT claims are present, they represent the issuance and expiration time of the signature, respectively. Note that these are different from the validFrom and validUntil properties defined in Validity Period, which represent the validity of the data that is being secured. Use of the nbf (Not Before) claim is NOT RECOMMENDED, as it makes little sense to attempt to assign a future date to a signature.

The claims and security provided by this specification are independent of the data secured and semantics provided by the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]. This means that while the security features of this specification ensure data integrity and authenticity, they do not dictate the interpretation of claim data.

Implementers SHOULD avoid setting JWT claims to values that conflict with the values of verifiable credential properties when a claim and property pair refer to the same conceptual entity, especially with pairs such as iss and issuer, jti and id, and sub and credentialSubject.id. For example, JWK claim iss SHOULD NOT be set to a value which conflicts with the value of verifiable credential property issuer.

The JWT Claim Names vc and vp MUST NOT be present.

Additional members may be present as header parameters and claims. If they are not understood, they MUST be ignored.

COSE [RFC9052] is a common approach to encoding and securing information using CBOR [RFC8949]. Verifiable credentials MAY be secured using COSE [RFC9052] and SHOULD be identified through use of content types as outlined in this section.

This section details how to use COSE to secure verifiable credentials conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

A conforming COSE issuer implementation MUST use COSE_Sign1 as specified in [RFC9052] to secure this media type. The unsecured verifiable credential is the unencoded COSE_Sign1 payload.

The typ (16) header parameter, as described in COSE "typ" (type) Header Parameter, SHOULD be application/vc+cose. The content type (3) header parameter SHOULD be application/vc. The content type (3) header parameter is optional, and can be used to express a more specific media type than application/vc when one is available. See Common COSE Header Parameters for additional details.

A conforming COSE verifier implementation MUST use COSE_Sign1 as specified in [RFC9052] to verify conforming COSE documents that use this media type.

When including verifiable credentials secured with COSE in verifiable presentations as Enveloped Verifiable Credentials, the credentials MUST be encoded using base64 as specified in [RFC2397].

To encrypt a secured verifiable credential when transmitting over an insecure channel, implementers MAY use COSE encryption, as defined in Section 5 of [RFC9052], by nesting the secured verifiable credential as the plaintext payload of an encrypted COSE object.

Example 7: A simple example of a verifiable credential secured with COSE

Credential
cose

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "http://university.example/credentials/3732",
  "type": ["VerifiableCredential", "ExampleDegreeCredential", "ExamplePersonCredential"],
  "issuer": "https://university.example/issuers/14",
  "validFrom": "2010-01-01T19:23:24Z",
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21",
    "degree": {
      "type": "ExampleBachelorDegree",
      "name": "Bachelor of Science and Arts"
    },
    "alumniOf": {
      "name": "Example University"
    }
  },
  "credentialSchema": [{
    "id": "https://example.org/examples/degree.json",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  },
  {
    "id": "https://example.org/examples/alumni.json",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  }]
}

application/vc

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "http://university.example/credentials/3732",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "ExampleDegreeCredential",
    "ExamplePersonCredential"
  ],
  "issuer": "https://university.example/issuers/14",
  "validFrom": "2010-01-01T19:23:24Z",
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:ebfeb1f712ebc6f1c276e12ec21",
    "degree": {
      "type": "ExampleBachelorDegree",
      "name": "Bachelor of Science and Arts"
    },
    "alumniOf": {
      "name": "Example University"
    }
  },
  "credentialSchema": [
    {
      "id": "https://example.org/examples/degree.json",
      "type": "JsonSchema"
    },
    {
      "id": "https://example.org/examples/alumni.json",
      "type": "JsonSchema"
    }
  ]
}

application/vc+cose

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

See Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 for more details regarding this example.

This section details how to use COSE to secure verifiable presentations conforming to [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

A conforming COSE issuer implementation MUST use COSE_Sign1 as specified in [RFC9052] to secure this media type. The unsecured verifiable presentation is the unencoded COSE_Sign1 payload.

The typ (16) header parameter, as described in COSE "typ" (type) Header Parameter, SHOULD be application/vp+cose. The content type (3) header parameter SHOULD be application/vp. The content type (3) header parameter is optional, and can be used to express a more specific media type than application/vp when one is available. See Common COSE Header Parameters for additional details.

A conforming COSE verifier implementation MUST use COSE_Sign1 as specified in [RFC9052] to verify conforming COSE documents that use this media type.

Verifiable Credentials secured in verifiable presentations MUST use the Enveloped Verifiable Credential type defined by the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

Verifiable Presentations in verifiable presentations MUST use the Enveloped Verifiable Presentation type defined by the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

Credentials in verifiable presentations MUST be secured. These credentials are secured using COSE in this case.

To encrypt a secured verifiable presentation when transmitting over an insecure channel, implementers MAY use COSE encryption, as defined in Section 5 of [RFC9052], by nesting the secured verifiable presentation as the plaintext payload of an encrypted COSE object.

Example 8: A simple example of a verifiable presentation secured withCOSE using the EnvelopedVerifiableCredential type

Presentation
cose

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [{
    "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential",
    "id": "data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ.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.gw3paxbkLjpi8CTsyRpXKbC7tpVa0q2sWKSD-_dcbuZ1LpZV3oQ8Ifzcm2bE8RY3fmJgbuyA9gbPL3sQBaTzkg ~WyJSeUQxVlB4VHBvbmtPeXZpczkta293IiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~WyJfVjd1eTd3ay1RM3VZd2ZpZ0NvWUVBIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyJhazdqMTlnYVMtRDJLX2hzY3RVZGNRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5vcmcvZXhhbXBsZXMvZGVncmVlLmpzb24iXQ~WyJUTjBXaXVZRkhXWkV2ZDZIQUJHQS1nIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd~WyJVMnBzMkxYVERVbVh3MDcxRVBmRUpnIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEyMyJd~WyJsQ042eTNEaTNDUk9VX3JuXzRENWRnIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiQmFjaGVsb3JEZWdyZWUiXQ~"
  }]
}

application/vp

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ.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.gw3paxbkLjpi8CTsyRpXKbC7tpVa0q2sWKSD-_dcbuZ1LpZV3oQ8Ifzcm2bE8RY3fmJgbuyA9gbPL3sQBaTzkg ~WyJSeUQxVlB4VHBvbmtPeXZpczkta293IiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~WyJfVjd1eTd3ay1RM3VZd2ZpZ0NvWUVBIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyJhazdqMTlnYVMtRDJLX2hzY3RVZGNRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5vcmcvZXhhbXBsZXMvZGVncmVlLmpzb24iXQ~WyJUTjBXaXVZRkhXWkV2ZDZIQUJHQS1nIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd~WyJVMnBzMkxYVERVbVh3MDcxRVBmRUpnIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEyMyJd~WyJsQ042eTNEaTNDUk9VX3JuXzRENWRnIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiQmFjaGVsb3JEZWdyZWUiXQ~;data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ.eyJfc2RfYWxnIjoic2hhLTI1NiIsIkBjb250ZXh0IjpbImh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy9ucy9jcmVkZW50aWFscy92MiIsImh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy9ucy9jcmVkZW50aWFscy9leGFtcGxlcy92MiJdLCJpc3N1ZXIiOiJodHRwczovL3VuaXZlcnNpdHkuZXhhbXBsZS9pc3N1ZXJzLzU2NTA0OSIsInZhbGlkRnJvbSI6IjIwMTAtMDEtMDFUMTk6MjM6MjRaIiwiY3JlZGVudGlhbFNjaGVtYSI6eyJfc2QiOlsiNWJBeDMteHBmQWxVS0ZJOXNuM2hWQ21wR2trcUlzWmMzLUxiMzNmWmpiayIsIlpjQXZIMDhsdEJySUpmSWh0OF9tS1BfYzNscG5YMWNHclltVG8wZ1lCeTgiXX0sImNyZWRlbnRpYWxTdWJqZWN0Ijp7ImRlZ3JlZSI6eyJuYW1lIjoiQmFjaGVsb3Igb2YgU2NpZW5jZSBhbmQgQXJ0cyIsIl9zZCI6WyJST1Q3MUl0dTNMNlVXWFVqby1oWVdJQjY3bHVPTkVEUlNCaGxEVENxVU9RIl19LCJfc2QiOlsiTUVuZXNnMlhPUk5jY3NCTWVaXzE2MDJneTQwUi00WUJ2VlIweFE4b0Y4YyJdfSwiX3NkIjpbIkVlc2Jiay1mcGZwd2ZMOXdOczFxcjZ0aU43ZnEtSXQzWVM2V3ZCbl9iWG8iLCJab1I1ZGRhckdtZk15NEhuV0xVak5URnFURjNYRjZpdFBnZnlGQkhVX3FVIl19.gw3paxbkLjpi8CTsyRpXKbC7tpVa0q2sWKSD-_dcbuZ1LpZV3oQ8Ifzcm2bE8RY3fmJgbuyA9gbPL3sQBaTzkg ~WyJSeUQxVlB4VHBvbmtPeXZpczkta293IiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~WyJfVjd1eTd3ay1RM3VZd2ZpZ0NvWUVBIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyJhazdqMTlnYVMtRDJLX2hzY3RVZGNRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5vcmcvZXhhbXBsZXMvZGVncmVlLmpzb24iXQ~WyJUTjBXaXVZRkhXWkV2ZDZIQUJHQS1nIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd~WyJVMnBzMkxYVERVbVh3MDcxRVBmRUpnIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEyMyJd~WyJsQ042eTNEaTNDUk9VX3JuXzRENWRnIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiQmFjaGVsb3JEZWdyZWUiXQ~",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    }
  ]
}

application/vp+cose

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

See Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 for more details regarding this example.

Example 9: A simple example of a verifiable presentation secured with COSE using the EnvelopedVerifiablePresentation type

Presentation
cose

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "EnvelopedVerifiablePresentation",
  "id": "data:application/vp+sd-jwt,eyJhbGciOiJFUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6IlVRTV9fblE0UzZCTzhuUTRuT05YeHB4aHRob3lOeGI1M0xZZ1l6LTJBQnMiLCJ0eXAiOiJ2cCtsZCtqc29uK3NkLWp3dCIsImN0eSI6InZwK2xkK2pzb24ifQ.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.kYD63YtBNYnLUTw6Szf1vs_Ug3UBXhPwCyqpNmPnPDa3rXZQhQLdB1BgaoO8zgQ-c3B41fxaXMnLHYV9-B20uboSpJP0B-2Vre917eQt1cSDswDGA_Ytvn4BSqYVBB2J~WyJFMkFsRzhsY2p0QVFrcllIbjlIbnVRIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiVmVyaWZpYWJsZVByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiJd~WyI5NldYMDRneno4cVZzOVZLU2wwYTVnIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~WyJaekU2VFVaamtHMW1DWXBKMEhnc0l3IiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyItQ3NsS25GZGFYb2JiQWsyU0JBVGR3IiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOmViZmViMWY3MTJlYmM2ZjFjMjc2ZTEyZWMyMSJd~WyJuRm1OWl9IczB3WWNoOFdkeTdnQUNRIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOmMyNzZlMTJlYzIxZWJmZWIxZjcxMmViYzZmMSJd~"
}

application/vp

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "EnvelopedVerifiablePresentation",
  "id": "data:application/vp+sd-jwt,eyJhbGciOiJFUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6IlVRTV9fblE0UzZCTzhuUTRuT05YeHB4aHRob3lOeGI1M0xZZ1l6LTJBQnMiLCJ0eXAiOiJ2cCtsZCtqc29uK3NkLWp3dCIsImN0eSI6InZwK2xkK2pzb24ifQ.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.kYD63YtBNYnLUTw6Szf1vs_Ug3UBXhPwCyqpNmPnPDa3rXZQhQLdB1BgaoO8zgQ-c3B41fxaXMnLHYV9-B20uboSpJP0B-2Vre917eQt1cSDswDGA_Ytvn4BSqYVBB2J~WyJFMkFsRzhsY2p0QVFrcllIbjlIbnVRIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiVmVyaWZpYWJsZVByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiJd~WyI5NldYMDRneno4cVZzOVZLU2wwYTVnIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~WyJaekU2VFVaamtHMW1DWXBKMEhnc0l3IiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyItQ3NsS25GZGFYb2JiQWsyU0JBVGR3IiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOmViZmViMWY3MTJlYmM2ZjFjMjc2ZTEyZWMyMSJd~WyJuRm1OWl9IczB3WWNoOFdkeTdnQUNRIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOmMyNzZlMTJlYzIxZWJmZWIxZjcxMmViYzZmMSJd~"
}

application/vp+cose

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

See Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0 for more details regarding this example.

When present in the COSE Header or as CWT Claims, members registered in the IANA CBOR Web Token (CWT) Claims registry or the IANA COSE Header Parameters registry are to be interpreted as defined by the specifications referenced in those registries. CBOR Web Token (CWT) [RFC8392] Claims MAY be included in a COSE header parameter, as specified in I-D.ietf-cose-cwt-claims-in-headers.

The normative statements in Header Parameters, Claims, and CBOR Web Token (CWT) Claims in COSE Headers apply to securing credentials and presentations.

It is RECOMMENDED to use the IANA CBOR Web Token Claims registry and the IANA COSE Header Parameters registry to identify any claims and header parameters that might be confused with members defined by [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]. These include but are not limited to: iss, kid, alg, iat, exp, and cnf.

When the iat (Issued At) and/or exp (Expiration Time) CWT claims are present, they represent the issuance and expiration time of the signature, respectively. Note that these are different from the validFrom and validUntil properties defined in Validity Period, which represent the validity of the data that is being secured. Use of the nbf (Not Before) claim is NOT RECOMMENDED, as it makes little sense to attempt to assign a future date to a signature.

Additional members may be present as header parameters and claims. If they are not understood, they MUST be ignored.

To complete the verification process, a verifier needs to obtain the cryptographic keys used to secure the credential.

There are several different ways to discover the verification keys of the issuers and holders.

These JOSE header parameters and JWT claims can be used by verifiers to discover verification keys.

If kid is present in the JOSE Header or the COSE Header, a verifier can use this parameter as a hint indicating which key was used to secure the verifiable credential, when performing a verification process as defined in RFC7515.

kid MUST be present when the key of the issuer or subject is expressed as a DID URL.

If iss is present in the JOSE Header, the JWT Claims, or the COSE Header, a verifier can use this parameter to obtain a JSON Web Key to use in the verification process.

The value of the issuer property can be either a string or an object. When issuer value is a string, iss value, if present, MUST match issuer value. When issuer value is an object with an id value, iss value, if present, MUST match issuer.id value.

If kid is also present in the JOSE Header, it is used to distinguish the specific key used.

If cnf is present in the JOSE Header, the JWT Claims, or the COSE Header, a verifier MAY use this parameter to identify a proof-of-possession key in the manner described in [RFC7800] or [RFC8747] for use in the verification process.

Use of a proof-of-possession key provided by the Holder to the Issuer to establish a cryptographic binding to the Holder in the Verifiable Credential that is verifiable by the Verifier in the Verifiable Presentation is RECOMMENDED.

When using controlled identifier documents with this specification, the following requirements apply.

The value of the type property of the verification method MUST be JsonWebKey.

Verification material MUST be expressed in the publicKeyJwk property of a JsonWebKey. This key material is retrieved based on hints in the JOSE or COSE message envelopes, such as kid or iss. At the time of writing, there is no standard way to retrieve a public key in JWK format from a DID URL or controlled identifier documents.

When iss is absent, and the issuer is identified as a [URL], the kid MUST be an absolute [URL] to a verification method listed in a controlled identifier documents or a DID Document.

When using [URL] identifiers, the kid is RECOMMENDED to be an absolute [URL] that includes a JWK Thumbprint URI as defined in [RFC7638]. For example: https://vendor.example/issuers/42/keys/urn:ietf:params:oauth:jwk-thumbprint:sha-256:NzbLsXh8uDCcd-6MNwXF4W_7noWXFZAfHkxZsRGC9Xs

Example 10: An issuer identified by a controlled identifier document identifier

{
  "issuer": {
    "id": "https://university.example/issuers/565049"
  }
  // ...
}

Example 11: A kid as a controlled identifier document verification method identifier

{
  "alg": "ES384",
  "kid": "https://university.example/issuers/565049#key-123
}

When the holder is identified as a [URL], and iss is absent, the kid MUST be an absolute [URL] to a verification method listed in a controlled identifier document.

Example 12: A holder identified by a controlled identifier document identifier

{
  "holder": {
    "id": "https://university.example/issuers/565049"
  }
  // ...
}

Example 13: A kid as a controlled identifier document verification method identifier

{
  "alg": "ES384",
  "kid": "https://university.example/issuers/565049#key-123
}

This specification might be used with many different key discovery protocols. Therefore, discovery of verification keys is described in 4. Key Discovery, and is assumed to have succeeded prior to beginning the verification process.

As a general rule, verifiers SHOULD strive to minimize the processing of untrusted data. This includes minimizing any processing of the protected header, unprotected header, or payload as part of the key discovery procedures.

After verification has succeeded, additional validation checks SHOULD be performed as described in Section 5.4 Validation

The outputs for the following algorithms are:

status: a boolean indicating the result of verification, true for success and false for failure.
document: a document conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]
mediaType: vc or vp

The inputs for this algorithm are:

inputMediaType: vc+jwt or vp+jwt
inputDocument: the verifiable credential secured as a JWT [RFC7519]

Upon receipt of the verifiable credential or presentation secured as a JWT [RFC7519], the holder or verifier follows this algorithm:

Follow the algorithm defined in Validating a JWT [RFC7519].
If processing completes successfully:
1. Set status to true
2. Set mediaType to vc or vp
3. Set document to the decoded JWS payload.
4. Return
If processing aborts for any reason or the JWT is rejected:
1. Set status to false
2. Set document to null
3. Set mediaType to null
4. Return

The inputs for this algorithm are:

inputMediaType: vc+sd-jwt
inputDocument: the verifiable credential secured with [SD-JWT]

Upon receipt of the verifiable credential or presentation secured with [SD-JWT], the holder or verifier follows this algorithm:

Follow the algorithms defined in SD-JWT for verification of the SD-JWT.
If processing completes successfully:
1. Set status to true
2. Set mediaType to vc
3. Convert the SD-JWT payload back into the JWT Claims Set by reversing the process in [SD-JWT]. Set document to the JWT Claims Set. (For examples of the transition from JWT Claims Set to SD-JWT payload, please see SD-JWT examples).
4. Return
If processing aborts for any reason or the SD-JWT is rejected:
1. Set status to false
2. Set document to null
3. Set mediaType to null
4. Return

The inputs for this algorithm are:

inputMediaType: vc+cose or vp+cose
inputDocument: the verifiable credential or verifiable presentation secured with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process

Upon receipt of the verifiable credential or presentation secured with [RFC9052], the holder or verifier follows this algorithm:

Follow the algorithm defined in CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process [RFC9052] under the Signing and Verification Process for COSE_Sign1.
If processing completes successfully:
1. Set status to true
2. Set mediaType to vc or vp
3. Set document to the decoded COSE_Sign1 payload.
4. Return
If processing aborts for any reason:
1. Set status to false
2. Set document to null
3. Set mediaType to null
4. Return

All claims expected for the typ MUST be present. All claims that are understood MUST be evaluated according the verifier's validation policies. All claims that are not understood MUST be ignored.

The verified document returned from verification MUST be a well-formed compact JSON-LD document, as described in Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0.

Schema extension mechanisms such as credentialSchema SHOULD be checked. If the extension mechanism type is not understood, this property MUST be ignored.

Status extension mechanisms such as credentialStatus SHOULD be checked. If the extension mechanism type is not understood, this property MUST be ignored.

Based on the validation policy of the verifier, the type of credentials, and the type of securing mechanism, additional validation checks MAY be applied. For example, dependencies between multiple credentials, ordering or timing information associated with multiple credentials, and/or multiple presentations could cause an otherwise valid credential or presentation to be considered invalid.

This specification registers the application/vc+jwt Media Type specifically for identifying a JSON Web Token (JWT) with a payload conforming to the Verifiable Credential Data Model.

Type name:	`application`
Subtype name:	`vc+jwt`
Required parameters:	N/A
Optional parameters:	N/A
Encoding considerations:	binary; `application/jwt` values are a series of base64url-encoded values (some of which may be the empty string) separated by period ('.').
Security considerations:	As defined in this specification. See also the security considerations in [RFC7519].
Interoperability considerations:	As defined in this specification.
Published specification:	https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose
Applications that will use this media:	W3C Verifiable Credential issuer, holder, and verifier software, conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], are among the applications that will use the media types. Conforming application types are described here and here.
Restrictions on usage:	N/A
Additional information:	Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/A Macintosh file type code: N/A Object Identifiers: N/A
Author:	Ivan Herman ivan@w3.org
Intended usage:	COMMON
Change controller:	W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group public-vc-wg@w3.org

This specification registers the application/vp+jwt Media Type specifically for identifying a JSON Web Token (JWT) with a payload conforming to the Verifiable Presentations definition in the Verifiable Credential Data Model.

Type name:	application
Subtype name:	vp+jwt
Required parameters:	N/A
Optional parameters:	N/A
Encoding considerations:	binary; `application/jwt` values are a series of base64url-encoded values (some of which may be the empty string) separated by period ('.').
Security considerations:	As defined in this specification. See also the security considerations in [RFC7519].
Interoperability considerations:	As defined in this specification.
Published specification:	https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose
Applications that will use this media:	W3C Verifiable Credential issuer, holder, and verifier software, conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], are among the applications that will use the media types. Conforming application types are described here and here.
Restrictions on usage:	N/A
Additional information:	Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/A Macintosh file type code: N/A Object Identifiers: N/A
Author:	Ivan Herman ivan@w3.org
Intended usage:	COMMON
Change controller:	W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group public-vc-wg@w3.org

This specification registers the application/vc+sd-jwt Media Type specifically for identifying a Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT) with a payload conforming to the Verifiable Credential Data Model.

Type name:	`application`
Subtype name:	`vc+sd-jwt`
Required parameters:	N/A
Optional parameters:	N/A
Encoding considerations:	binary; `application/sd-jwt` values are a series of base64url-encoded values (some of which may be the empty string) separated by period ('.') and tilde ('~') characters.
Security considerations:	As defined in this specification. See also the security considerations in Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT).
Interoperability considerations:	As defined in this specification.
Published specification:	https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose
Applications that will use this media:	W3C Verifiable Credential issuer, holder, and verifier software, conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], are among the applications that will use the media types. Conforming application types are described here and here.
Restrictions on usage:	N/A
Additional information:	Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/A Macintosh file type code: N/A Object Identifiers: N/A
Author:	Ivan Herman ivan@w3.org
Intended usage:	COMMON
Change controller:	W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group public-vc-wg@w3.org

This specification registers the application/vp+sd-jwt Media Type specifically for identifying a Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT) with a payload conforming to the Verifiable Presentations definition in the Verifiable Credential Data Model.

Type name:	application
Subtype name:	vp+sd-jwt
Required parameters:	N/A
Optional parameters:	N/A
Encoding considerations:	binary; `application/sd-jwt` values are a series of base64url-encoded values (some of which may be the empty string) separated by period ('.') and tilde ('~') characters.
Security considerations:	As defined in this specification. See also the security considerations in Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT).
Interoperability considerations:	As defined in this specification.
Published specification:	https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose
Applications that will use this media:	W3C Verifiable Credential issuer, holder, and verifier software, conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], are among the applications that will use the media types. Conforming application types are described here and here.
Restrictions on usage:	N/A
Additional information:	Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/A Macintosh file type code: N/A Object Identifiers: N/A
Author:	Ivan Herman ivan@w3.org
Intended usage:	COMMON
Change controller:	W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group public-vc-wg@w3.org

This specification registers the application/vc+cose Media Type specifically for identifying a COSE object [RFC9052] with a payload conforming to the Verifiable Credential Data Model.

Type name:	`application`
Subtype name:	`vc+cose`
Required parameters:	N/A
Optional parameters:	N/A
Encoding considerations:	binary (CBOR)
Security considerations:	As defined in this specification. See also the security considerations in [RFC9052].
Interoperability considerations:	As defined in this specification.
Published specification:	https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose
Applications that will use this media:	W3C Verifiable Credential issuer, holder, and verifier software, conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], are among the applications that will use the media types. Conforming application types are described here and here.
Restrictions on usage:	N/A
Additional information:	Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/A Macintosh file type code: N/A Object Identifiers: N/A
Author:	Ivan Herman ivan@w3.org
Intended usage:	COMMON
Change controller:	W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group public-vc-wg@w3.org

This specification registers the application/vp+cose Media Type specifically for identifying a COSE object [RFC9052] with a payload conforming to the Verifiable Presentations definition in the Verifiable Credential Data Model.

Type name:	`application`
Subtype name:	`vp+cose`
Required parameters:	N/A
Optional parameters:	N/A
Encoding considerations:	binary (CBOR)
Security considerations:	As defined in this specification. See also the security considerations in [RFC9052].
Interoperability considerations:	As defined in this specification.
Published specification:	https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose
Applications that will use this media:	W3C Verifiable Credential issuer, holder, and verifier software, conforming to the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], are among the applications that will use the media types. Conforming application types are described here and here.
Restrictions on usage:	N/A
Additional information:	Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A Magic number(s): N/A File extension(s): N/A Macintosh file type code: N/A Object Identifiers: N/A
Author:	Ivan Herman ivan@w3.org
Intended usage:	COMMON
Change controller:	W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group public-vc-wg@w3.org

Verifiable Credentials often contain sensitive information that needs to be protected to ensure the privacy and security of organizations and individuals. This section outlines some privacy considerations relevant to implementers and users.

Implementers are advised to note and abide by all privacy considerations called out in [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

Implementers are additionally advised to reference the Privacy Consideration section of the JWT specification and NIST Special Publication 800-122 [[SP-800-122] "Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information (PII)" for privacy guidance.

In addition to the privacy recommendations in the [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0], the following considerations are given:

Minimization of data: It is considered best practice for Verifiable Credentials to only contain the minimum amount of data necessary to achieve their intended purpose. This helps to limit the amount of sensitive information that is shared or stored unnecessarily.
Informed consent: It is considered best practice that individuals be fully informed about how their data will be used and provide the ability to consent to or decline the use of their data. This helps to ensure that individuals maintain control over their own personal information.
Data protection: It is considered best practice to protect Verifiable Credentials using strong encryption and other security measures to prevent unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure.

These considerations are not exhaustive, and implementers and users are advised to consult additional privacy resources and best practices to ensure the privacy and security of Verifiable Credentials implemented using this specification.

This section outlines security considerations for implementers and users of this specification. It is important to carefully consider these factors to ensure the security and integrity of Verifiable Credentials when implemented using JOSE or COSE.

When implementing this specification, it is essential to address all security issues relevant to broad cryptographic applications. This especially includes protecting the user's asymmetric private and symmetric secret keys, as well as employing countermeasures against various attacks. Failure to adequately address these issues could compromise the security and integrity of Verifiable Credentials, potentially leading to unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure of sensitive information.

Implementers are advised to follow best practices and established cryptographic standards to ensure the secure handling of keys and other sensitive data. Additionally, conduct regular security assessments and audits to identify and address any vulnerabilities or threats.

Follow all security considerations outlined in [RFC7515] and [RFC7519].

When utilizing JSON-LD, take special care around remote retrieval of contexts and follow the additional security considerations noted in [JSON-LD11].

As noted in [RFC7515] when utilizing JSON [RFC7159], strict validation is a security requirement. If malformed JSON is received, it may be impossible to reliably interpret the producer's intent, potentially leading to ambiguous or exploitable situations. To prevent these risks, it is essential to use a JSON parser that strictly validates the syntax of all input data. It is essential that any JSON inputs that do not conform to the JSON-text syntax defined in [RFC7159] be rejected in their entirety by JSON parsers. Failure to reject invalid input could compromise the security and integrity of Verifiable Credentials.

When implementing this specification, it is crucial for technical implementers to consider various accessibility factors. Ignoring accessibility concerns renders the information unusable for a significant portion of the population. To ensure equal access for all individuals, regardless of their abilities, it is vital to adhere to accessibility guidelines and standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) [WCAG21]. This becomes even more critical when establishing systems that involve cryptography, as they have historically posed challenges for assistive technologies.

Implementers are advised to note and abide by all accessibility considerations called out in [VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0].

Example 14: A minimal controlled identifier document

{
  "id": "https://vendor.example",
}

Example 15: A controlled identifier document with verification method

{
  "id": "https://university.example/issuers/565049",
  "verificationMethod": [{
    "id": "https://university.example/issuers/565049#key-123",
    "type": "JsonWebKey",
    "controller": "https://university.example/issuers/565049",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kty": "EC",
      "crv": "P-384",
      "alg": "ES384",
      "x": "PxgAmVYOQvSNcMYL2tOzoLwSWn4Ta3tIMPEUKR8pxeb-gmR11-DyKHBoIiY-2LhM",
      "y": "BZEBTkImVdpwvxR9THIRw16eblnj5-tZa7m-ww5uVd4kyPJNRoWUn2aT9ZuarAe-"
    }
  }]
}

Example 16: A controlled identifier document with verification relationships

{
  "id": "https://university.example/issuers/565049",
  "verificationMethod": [{
    "id": "https://university.example/issuers/565049#key-123",
    "type": "JsonWebKey",
    "controller": "https://university.example/issuers/565049",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kty": "EC",
      "crv": "P-384",
      "alg": "ES384",
      "x": "PxgAmVYOQvSNcMYL2tOzoLwSWn4Ta3tIMPEUKR8pxeb-gmR11-DyKHBoIiY-2LhM",
      "y": "BZEBTkImVdpwvxR9THIRw16eblnj5-tZa7m-ww5uVd4kyPJNRoWUn2aT9ZuarAe-"
    }
  }],
  "authentication": ["https://university.example/issuers/565049#key-123"],
  "assertionMethod": ["https://university.example/issuers/565049#key-123"]
}

Example 17: A verifiable credential controlled identifier document

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/did/v1",
    "https://w3id.org/security/jwk/v1",
    {
        "@vocab": "https://vendor.example#"
    }
  ],
  "id": "did:web:vendor.example",
  "alsoKnownAs": ["https://vendor.example",
    "did:jwk:eyJraWQiOiJ1cm46aWV0ZjpwYXJhbXM6b2F1dGg6andrLXRodW1icHJpbnQ6c2hhLTI1NjpGZk1iek9qTW1RNGVmVDZrdndUSUpqZWxUcWpsMHhqRUlXUTJxb2JzUk1NIiwia3R5IjoiT0tQIiwiY3J2IjoiRWQyNTUxOSIsImFsZyI6IkVkRFNBIiwieCI6IkFOUmpIX3p4Y0tCeHNqUlBVdHpSYnA3RlNWTEtKWFE5QVBYOU1QMWo3azQifQ"
  ],
  "verificationMethod": [{
    "id": "#urn:ietf:params:oauth:jwk-thumbprint:sha-256:NzbLsXh8uDCcd-6MNwXF4W_7noWXFZAfHkxZsRGC9Xs",
    "type": "JsonWebKey",
    "controller": "did:web:vendor.example",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kty": "EC",
      "crv": "P-521",
      "alg": "ES512",
      "x": "AFTyMw-fIYJNg6fBVJvOPOsLxmnNj8HgqMChyRL0swLaefVAc7wrWZ8okQJqMmvv03JRUp277meQZM3JcvXFkH1v",
      "y": "ALn96CrD88b4TClmkl1sk0xk2FgAIda97ZF8TUOjbeWSzbKnN2KB6pqlpbuJ2xIRXvsn5BWQVlAT2JGpGwDNMyV1"
    }
  }, {
    "id": "#z6MkhEdpG12jyQegrr62ACRmNY8gc531W2j9Xo39cHphuCEH",
    "type": "JsonWebKey2020",
    "controller": "https://vendor.example",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kid": "urn:ietf:params:oauth:jwk-thumbprint:sha-256:FfMbzOjMmQ4efT6kvwTIJjelTqjl0xjEIWQ2qobsRMM",
      "kty": "OKP",
      "crv": "Ed25519",
      "alg": "EdDSA",
      "x": "ANRjH_zxcKBxsjRPUtzRbp7FSVLKJXQ9APX9MP1j7k4"
    }
  }, {
    "id": "#subject-authentication",
    "type": "JsonWebKey",
    "controller": "did:web:vendor.example",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kty": "EC",
      "crv": "P-384",
      "alg": "ES384",
      "x": "PxgAmVYOQvSNcMYL2tOzoLwSWn4Ta3tIMPEUKR8pxeb-gmR11-DyKHBoIiY-2LhM",
      "y": "BZEBTkImVdpwvxR9THIRw16eblnj5-tZa7m-ww5uVd4kyPJNRoWUn2aT9ZuarAe-"
    }
  }, {
    "id": "#credential-issuance",
    "type": "JsonWebKey",
    "controller": "did:web:vendor.example",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kty": "EC",
      "crv": "P-256",
      "alg": "ES256",
      "x": "MYvnaI87pfrn3FpTqW-yNiFcF1K7fedJiqapm20_q7c",
      "y": "9YEbT6Tyuc7xp9yRvhOUVKK_NIHkn5HpK9ZMgvK5pVw"
    }
  }, {
    "id": "#key-agreement",
    "type": "JsonWebKey",
    "controller": "did:web:vendor.example",
    "publicKeyJwk": {
      "kty": "OKP",
      "crv": "X25519",
      "alg": "ECDH-ES+A128KW",
      "x": "qLZkSTbstvMWPTivmiQglEFWG2Ff7gNDVoVisdZTr1I"
    }
  }],
  "authentication": ["#subject-authentication"],
  "assertionMethod": ["#credential-issuance"]
}

Example 18: A revocable credential with multiple subjects

Credential
jose
cose
sd-jwt

{
  "@context": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/23894672394",
  "type": ["VerifiableCredential", "K9UnitCredential"],
  "issuer": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example"
  },
  "validFrom": "2015-04-16T05:11:32.432Z",
  "credentialStatus": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4#273762",
    "type": "StatusList2021Entry",
    "statusPurpose": "revocation",
    "statusListIndex": "273762",
    "statusListCredential": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4"
  },
  "credentialSubject": [{
    "id": "did:example:1312387641",
    "type": "Person"
  }, {
    "id": "did:example:63888231",
    "type": "Dog"
  }]
}

Protected Headers

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

application/vc

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/23894672394",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "K9UnitCredential"
  ],
  "issuer": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example"
  },
  "validFrom": "2015-04-16T05:11:32.432Z",
  "credentialStatus": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4#273762",
    "type": "StatusList2021Entry",
    "statusPurpose": "revocation",
    "statusListIndex": "273762",
    "statusListCredential": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4"
  },
  "credentialSubject": [
    {
      "id": "did:example:1312387641",
      "type": "Person"
    },
    {
      "id": "did:example:63888231",
      "type": "Dog"
    }
  ]
}

application/vc+jwt

application/vc

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/23894672394",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "K9UnitCredential"
  ],
  "issuer": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example"
  },
  "validFrom": "2015-04-16T05:11:32.432Z",
  "credentialStatus": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4#273762",
    "type": "StatusList2021Entry",
    "statusPurpose": "revocation",
    "statusListIndex": "273762",
    "statusListCredential": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4"
  },
  "credentialSubject": [
    {
      "id": "did:example:1312387641",
      "type": "Person"
    },
    {
      "id": "did:example:63888231",
      "type": "Dog"
    }
  ]
}

application/vc+cose

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

Encoded
Decoded
Issuer Disclosures

eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ .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 .iQnJDPmi4pn3fMLecrbwAqfUc0UXJWzUd4J20mUX3rRJSp74r2gRjrd1OATFkVjLsSyBAOBk3xbP5tc9nq9D7A ~WyI0SWQ0aFVoUzMxQThXelBRTlhPUWJBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzLzIzODk0NjcyMzk0Il0~WyJJSFNyZnVZR0YtcWk5OXcySWJkYUJBIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIks5VW5pdENyZWRlbnRpYWwiXV0~WyJDeEpTQmlKeDVtdVgzZkhSRmZDYlBRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlIl0~WyJuQVhZQ29yTUNGaGRJMDhZNzh5ckNBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzL3N0YXR1cy80IzI3Mzc2MiJd~WyI1aUJCSmdual9pMkpQZHdRTTVzRlh3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiU3RhdHVzTGlzdDIwMjFFbnRyeSJd~WyJBNzFORTByODBmN3ZCVkNrcmU0N01BIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEzMTIzODc2NDEiXQ~WyJHaFg4N1lJMzg0cjV5b0hXOENTOEJ3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiUGVyc29uIl0~WyJhQWxrLVhrQ0RCaFItN1Z5NnBXZmNnIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjYzODg4MjMxIl0~WyJzLTFSWGdUWVVQWGJNZ2JLMHVaX0NRIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRG9nIl0~

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

{
  "iat": 1745594772,
  "exp": 1746804372,
  "_sd_alg": "sha-256",
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "issuer": {
    "_sd": [
      "mSg0kZC77X6jUVHq2IIYNygSlXKKVzTSdhFWoNYyxOA"
    ]
  },
  "validFrom": "2015-04-16T05:11:32.432Z",
  "credentialStatus": {
    "statusPurpose": "revocation",
    "statusListIndex": "273762",
    "statusListCredential": "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4",
    "_sd": [
      "mv6Cexu-fwPdLVo5ZYH7ycS8mFGTQVMxThp2nwECBT4",
      "tQantX-hhSpOANOV-1xKF_GRof5Lnm6JbPKqboLt7RA"
    ]
  },
  "credentialSubject": [
    {
      "_sd": [
        "SMxFrlOcsuPyVN5LRBbVTLZ6xMQqaUBNBS67kL_Xd_w",
        "VGN44u5sVQgncEIfgELJeZR9bpeTGc8ZAcMmV6MQttg"
      ]
    },
    {
      "_sd": [
        "MBe_7HKj0-P2Zfttw5vYdJ0xUe3xtpi2widbSnw_ZOg",
        "ec1yUY0C75J7pgyMzO5Dw90pDUr3fX7Z8Gt8wUAIYzI"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "_sd": [
    "FIWgy39UzzZ5_aOKV3po6EyjXmBN9c8oIQ2jKe_Ftb0",
    "FmDcdemIspdmQMMeuS-4N4J5wCFobBBuiuUelGsWMvU"
  ]
}

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: FIWgy39UzzZ5_aOKV3po6EyjXmBN9c8oIQ2jKe_Ftb0

Disclosure(s): WyI0SWQ0aFVoUzMxQThXelBRTlhPUWJBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzLzIzODk0NjcyMzk0Il0

Contents: [
  "4Id4hUhS31A8WzPQNXOQbA",
  "id",
  "https://contoso.example/credentials/23894672394"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: FmDcdemIspdmQMMeuS-4N4J5wCFobBBuiuUelGsWMvU

Disclosure(s): WyJJSFNyZnVZR0YtcWk5OXcySWJkYUJBIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIks5VW5pdENyZWRlbnRpYWwiXV0

Contents: [
  "IHSrfuYGF-qi99w2IbdaBA",
  "type",
  [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "K9UnitCredential"
  ]
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: mSg0kZC77X6jUVHq2IIYNygSlXKKVzTSdhFWoNYyxOA

Disclosure(s): WyJDeEpTQmlKeDVtdVgzZkhSRmZDYlBRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlIl0

Contents: [
  "CxJSBiJx5muX3fHRFfCbPQ",
  "id",
  "https://contoso.example"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: mv6Cexu-fwPdLVo5ZYH7ycS8mFGTQVMxThp2nwECBT4

Disclosure(s): WyJuQVhZQ29yTUNGaGRJMDhZNzh5ckNBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzL3N0YXR1cy80IzI3Mzc2MiJd

Contents: [
  "nAXYCorMCFhdI08Y78yrCA",
  "id",
  "https://contoso.example/credentials/status/4#273762"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: tQantX-hhSpOANOV-1xKF_GRof5Lnm6JbPKqboLt7RA

Disclosure(s): WyI1aUJCSmdual9pMkpQZHdRTTVzRlh3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiU3RhdHVzTGlzdDIwMjFFbnRyeSJd

Contents: [
  "5iBBJgnj_i2JPdwQM5sFXw",
  "type",
  "StatusList2021Entry"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: SMxFrlOcsuPyVN5LRBbVTLZ6xMQqaUBNBS67kL_Xd_w

Disclosure(s): WyJBNzFORTByODBmN3ZCVkNrcmU0N01BIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEzMTIzODc2NDEiXQ

Contents: [
  "A71NE0r80f7vBVCkre47MA",
  "id",
  "did:example:1312387641"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: VGN44u5sVQgncEIfgELJeZR9bpeTGc8ZAcMmV6MQttg

Disclosure(s): WyJHaFg4N1lJMzg0cjV5b0hXOENTOEJ3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiUGVyc29uIl0

Contents: [
  "GhX87YI384r5yoHW8CS8Bw",
  "type",
  "Person"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: MBe_7HKj0-P2Zfttw5vYdJ0xUe3xtpi2widbSnw_ZOg

Disclosure(s): WyJhQWxrLVhrQ0RCaFItN1Z5NnBXZmNnIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjYzODg4MjMxIl0

Contents: [
  "aAlk-XkCDBhR-7Vy6pWfcg",
  "id",
  "did:example:63888231"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: ec1yUY0C75J7pgyMzO5Dw90pDUr3fX7Z8Gt8wUAIYzI

Disclosure(s): WyJzLTFSWGdUWVVQWGJNZ2JLMHVaX0NRIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRG9nIl0

Contents: [
  "s-1RXgTYUPXbMgbK0uZ_CQ",
  "type",
  "Dog"
]

Example 19: A credential with a schema

Credential
jose
cose
sd-jwt

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/35327255",
  "type": ["VerifiableCredential", "KYCExample"],
  "issuer": "did:web:contoso.example",
  "validFrom": "2019-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "validUntil": "2027-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "credentialSchema": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example/bafybeigdyr...lqabf3oclgtqy55fbzdi",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  },
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:1231588",
    "type": "Person"
  }
}

Protected Headers

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

application/vc

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/35327255",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "KYCExample"
  ],
  "issuer": "did:web:contoso.example",
  "validFrom": "2019-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "validUntil": "2027-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "credentialSchema": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example/bafybeigdyr...lqabf3oclgtqy55fbzdi",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  },
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:1231588",
    "type": "Person"
  }
}

application/vc+jwt

application/vc

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "id": "https://contoso.example/credentials/35327255",
  "type": [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "KYCExample"
  ],
  "issuer": "did:web:contoso.example",
  "validFrom": "2019-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "validUntil": "2027-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "credentialSchema": {
    "id": "https://contoso.example/bafybeigdyr...lqabf3oclgtqy55fbzdi",
    "type": "JsonSchema"
  },
  "credentialSubject": {
    "id": "did:example:1231588",
    "type": "Person"
  }
}

application/vc+cose

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

Encoded
Decoded
Issuer Disclosures

eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ .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 .y-E31PUTem9cL6n-E6nVIx5h9a8OpnrSBZ3N2Ggn5PncgPqnMROBPzp-tIhS3yfwZnQQfQnEOAuAWhz-M392xA ~WyIxZ3Mxd3lXd002RC1tVWl3U1pnYjJBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzLzM1MzI3MjU1Il0~WyJNLWlDZmZjZGdod1BFSXV2Wk9NODh3IiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIktZQ0V4YW1wbGUiXV0~WyJ6TV9PQXNIMV9WMXBpZV9fU09QX3BBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2JhZnliZWlnZHlyLi4ubHFhYmYzb2NsZ3RxeTU1ZmJ6ZGkiXQ~WyJnNzFUcFFIbHNoQUZjX2FhNDlTaWZ3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd~WyJ1cUZTLWZobTBkaWlTa1BjYVlFMXhRIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEyMzE1ODgiXQ~WyJsRU5IX0ZBc253eVJkYnFSSHBkT2l3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiUGVyc29uIl0~

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

{
  "iat": 1745594772,
  "exp": 1746804372,
  "_sd_alg": "sha-256",
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "issuer": "did:web:contoso.example",
  "validFrom": "2019-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "validUntil": "2027-05-25T03:10:16.992Z",
  "credentialSchema": {
    "_sd": [
      "HiarZUG7NVHeTxMJfLFGQN-3vmfd7jUCzwmw4XbwaB4",
      "KSy9JTiccPPppo7knU4ZSqqjZno35Rz-9RNN0Y5Epng"
    ]
  },
  "credentialSubject": {
    "_sd": [
      "Avjemz7SrlBIOpXTokISYN4iV6EHCmKL4GJM_9OjPrg",
      "aeS0kUTFAjvoIPPITgB_Bp88voe3fnHqrCvx-CJrH18"
    ]
  },
  "_sd": [
    "1ji_39ienphXEsrOKxpudg40AAB-iQ9GC8BDsPq2V1g",
    "UE9R6ktpnWU0rkf7qpFhOVa14gc7H78we9wQ_lE1IWs"
  ]
}

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: 1ji_39ienphXEsrOKxpudg40AAB-iQ9GC8BDsPq2V1g

Disclosure(s): WyIxZ3Mxd3lXd002RC1tVWl3U1pnYjJBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2NyZWRlbnRpYWxzLzM1MzI3MjU1Il0

Contents: [
  "1gs1wyWwM6D-mUiwSZgb2A",
  "id",
  "https://contoso.example/credentials/35327255"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: UE9R6ktpnWU0rkf7qpFhOVa14gc7H78we9wQ_lE1IWs

Disclosure(s): WyJNLWlDZmZjZGdod1BFSXV2Wk9NODh3IiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIktZQ0V4YW1wbGUiXV0

Contents: [
  "M-iCffcdghwPEIuvZOM88w",
  "type",
  [
    "VerifiableCredential",
    "KYCExample"
  ]
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: HiarZUG7NVHeTxMJfLFGQN-3vmfd7jUCzwmw4XbwaB4

Disclosure(s): WyJ6TV9PQXNIMV9WMXBpZV9fU09QX3BBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vY29udG9zby5leGFtcGxlL2JhZnliZWlnZHlyLi4ubHFhYmYzb2NsZ3RxeTU1ZmJ6ZGkiXQ

Contents: [
  "zM_OAsH1_V1pie__SOP_pA",
  "id",
  "https://contoso.example/bafybeigdyr...lqabf3oclgtqy55fbzdi"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: KSy9JTiccPPppo7knU4ZSqqjZno35Rz-9RNN0Y5Epng

Disclosure(s): WyJnNzFUcFFIbHNoQUZjX2FhNDlTaWZ3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd

Contents: [
  "g71TpQHlshAFc_aa49Sifw",
  "type",
  "JsonSchema"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: aeS0kUTFAjvoIPPITgB_Bp88voe3fnHqrCvx-CJrH18

Disclosure(s): WyJ1cUZTLWZobTBkaWlTa1BjYVlFMXhRIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEyMzE1ODgiXQ

Contents: [
  "uqFS-fhm0diiSkPcaYE1xQ",
  "id",
  "did:example:1231588"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: Avjemz7SrlBIOpXTokISYN4iV6EHCmKL4GJM_9OjPrg

Disclosure(s): WyJsRU5IX0ZBc253eVJkYnFSSHBkT2l3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiUGVyc29uIl0

Contents: [
  "lENH_FAsnwyRdbqRHpdOiw",
  "type",
  "Person"
]

Example 20: Presentation

Presentation
jose
cose
sd-jwt

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+cose;base64,0oREo...+Q==",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+jwt,eyVjV...RMjU",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyVjV...RMjU~",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    }
  ]
}

Protected Headers

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

application/vp

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+cose;base64url,YmFzZTY0LDBvUkVvLi4uK1E9PQ",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+jwt,eyVjV...RMjU;data:application/vc+jwt,eyVjV...RMjU",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyVjV...RMjU~;data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyVjV...RMjU~",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    }
  ]
}

application/vp+jwt

application/vp

{
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "type": "VerifiablePresentation",
  "verifiableCredential": [
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+cose;base64url,WW1GelpUWTBMREJ2VWtWdkxpNHVLMUU5UFE",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+jwt,eyVjV...RMjU;data:application/vc+jwt,eyVjV...RMjU",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "id": "data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyVjV...RMjU~;data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyVjV...RMjU~",
      "type": "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
    }
  ]
}

application/vp+cose

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

Encoded
Decoded
Issuer Disclosures

eyJraWQiOiJFeEhrQk1XOWZtYmt2VjI2Nm1ScHVQMnNVWV9OX0VXSU4xbGFwVXpPOHJvIiwiYWxnIjoiRVMyNTYifQ .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 .-BhSlghbRw896hU-9XHB6wf6C3PrZ-pW0IZr8QW7CabHrxytjSQe78NsvMadUZw0afYfDJogqFfjzNapl1evOg ~WyJVRExLMVB5MXRhbi1fT2NSV2VxWkFRIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiVmVyaWZpYWJsZVByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiJd~WyJKazJ5OTZlcTB6QXlDbGttd0luQ3lBIiwgImlkIiwgImRhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrY29zZTtiYXNlNjR1cmwsIFdXMUdlbHBVV1RCTVJFSjJWV3RXZGt4cE5IVkxNVVU1VUZFIl0~WyJCSDVfaGZ0SHFXR1pNd2puNFJWc0J3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRW52ZWxvcGVkVmVyaWZpYWJsZUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXQ~WyJWVFVsV01mbWV3Wlg5NDVyc1J5Uk9BIiwgImlkIiwgImRhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrand0LCBleVZqVi4uLlJNalU7ZGF0YTphcHBsaWNhdGlvbi92Yytqd3QsIGV5VmpWLi4uUk1qVSJd~WyJ6QVA2UUJDdVN2ZVhuSWg3RUVQeml3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRW52ZWxvcGVkVmVyaWZpYWJsZUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXQ~WyJ0eF85eXpwQzlrRE82dkZsLVFyT0lBIiwgImlkIiwgImRhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrc2Qtand0LCBleVZqVi4uLlJNalV-O2RhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrc2Qtand0LCBleVZqVi4uLlJNalV-Il0~WyJMWVdtZW5EVWQ2WDduSjNtMnY4d0R3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRW52ZWxvcGVkVmVyaWZpYWJsZUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXQ~

{
  "kid": "ExHkBMW9fmbkvV266mRpuP2sUY_N_EWIN1lapUzO8ro",
  "alg": "ES256"
}

{
  "iat": 1745594772,
  "exp": 1746804372,
  "_sd_alg": "sha-256",
  "@context": [
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/examples/v2"
  ],
  "verifiableCredential": [
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "_sd": [
        "CW2sXDKUu2YCe4lo7rSzZSFkXa4o1O_SCaeRpeLfPUg",
        "fhZRx7eevF5oXWIu8xpQj5uCx7mUZv_mp-NKzZr73Fw"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "_sd": [
        "0h_3c2osegluPgLPPn0TyOg4NRVEaPvt234AAe5sn6k",
        "OHlxR563LCa18rwLn5v9EbLLfAws7tF_ooZ3vefTpzw"
      ]
    },
    {
      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/credentials/v2",
      "_sd": [
        "bezi7IrI9D8g67Eikwm2Bh65iI-LeoB_S95tn6gDZyM",
        "hZg6ZqBX8tUj34ieLgSC7J0b5JE7sXhnS2ox9zCMFLc"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "_sd": [
    "x6Y6p1pZGnW1zhvzF9bWTlYyEJOrL7y5k2HeRJaXGIo"
  ]
}

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: x6Y6p1pZGnW1zhvzF9bWTlYyEJOrL7y5k2HeRJaXGIo

Disclosure(s): WyJVRExLMVB5MXRhbi1fT2NSV2VxWkFRIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiVmVyaWZpYWJsZVByZXNlbnRhdGlvbiJd

Contents: [
  "UDLK1Py1tan-_OcRWeqZAQ",
  "type",
  "VerifiablePresentation"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: fhZRx7eevF5oXWIu8xpQj5uCx7mUZv_mp-NKzZr73Fw

Disclosure(s): WyJKazJ5OTZlcTB6QXlDbGttd0luQ3lBIiwgImlkIiwgImRhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrY29zZTtiYXNlNjR1cmwsIFdXMUdlbHBVV1RCTVJFSjJWV3RXZGt4cE5IVkxNVVU1VUZFIl0

Contents: [
  "Jk2y96eq0zAyClkmwInCyA",
  "id",
  "data:application/vc+cose;base64url, WW1GelpUWTBMREJ2VWtWdkxpNHVLMUU5UFE"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: CW2sXDKUu2YCe4lo7rSzZSFkXa4o1O_SCaeRpeLfPUg

Disclosure(s): WyJCSDVfaGZ0SHFXR1pNd2puNFJWc0J3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRW52ZWxvcGVkVmVyaWZpYWJsZUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXQ

Contents: [
  "BH5_hftHqWGZMwjn4RVsBw",
  "type",
  "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: OHlxR563LCa18rwLn5v9EbLLfAws7tF_ooZ3vefTpzw

Disclosure(s): WyJWVFVsV01mbWV3Wlg5NDVyc1J5Uk9BIiwgImlkIiwgImRhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrand0LCBleVZqVi4uLlJNalU7ZGF0YTphcHBsaWNhdGlvbi92Yytqd3QsIGV5VmpWLi4uUk1qVSJd

Contents: [
  "VTUlWMfmewZX945rsRyROA",
  "id",
  "data:application/vc+jwt, eyVjV...RMjU;data:application/vc+jwt, eyVjV...RMjU"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: 0h_3c2osegluPgLPPn0TyOg4NRVEaPvt234AAe5sn6k

Disclosure(s): WyJ6QVA2UUJDdVN2ZVhuSWg3RUVQeml3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRW52ZWxvcGVkVmVyaWZpYWJsZUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXQ

Contents: [
  "zAP6QBCuSveXnIh7EEPziw",
  "type",
  "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
]

Claim: id

SHA-256 Hash: bezi7IrI9D8g67Eikwm2Bh65iI-LeoB_S95tn6gDZyM

Disclosure(s): WyJ0eF85eXpwQzlrRE82dkZsLVFyT0lBIiwgImlkIiwgImRhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrc2Qtand0LCBleVZqVi4uLlJNalV-O2RhdGE6YXBwbGljYXRpb24vdmMrc2Qtand0LCBleVZqVi4uLlJNalV-Il0

Contents: [
  "tx_9yzpC9kDO6vFl-QrOIA",
  "id",
  "data:application/vc+sd-jwt, eyVjV...RMjU~;data:application/vc+sd-jwt, eyVjV...RMjU~"
]

Claim: type

SHA-256 Hash: hZg6ZqBX8tUj34ieLgSC7J0b5JE7sXhnS2ox9zCMFLc

Disclosure(s): WyJMWVdtZW5EVWQ2WDduSjNtMnY4d0R3IiwgInR5cGUiLCAiRW52ZWxvcGVkVmVyaWZpYWJsZUNyZWRlbnRpYWwiXQ

Contents: [
  "LYWmenDUd6X7nJ3m2v8wDw",
  "type",
  "EnvelopedVerifiableCredential"
]

Example 21: A simple URI-encoded SD-JWT Verifiable Credential

data:application/vc+sd-jwt,eyJhbGciOiJFUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6IlNJM1JITm91aDhvODFOT09OUFFVQUw3RWdaLWtJNl94ajlvUkV2WDF4T3ciLCJ0eXAiOiJ2YytsZCtqc29uK3NkLWp3dCIsImN0eSI6InZjK2xkK2pzb24ifQ.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.rYzbxb6j1dwop8_s491iArVVJNm6A6C3b742gOm_qYO3zdkyQU4_VxxOSJ8ECcmWj2r5KyiCNC1ojfO4Yms-zBsjt7PoMYpYWBplsqXpiIvnehmM7D0eOLi40uHXki0X~WyJSWTg1YTZNMmEwX3VDWlFTVGZmTFdRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~WyJMeG5GYTBXVm8wRUluVy1QdS1fd1dRIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyJUQVdrakpCaVpxdC1rVU54X1EweUJBIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHBzOi8vZXhhbXBsZS5vcmcvZXhhbXBsZXMvZGVncmVlLmpzb24iXQ~WyJTd2xuZFpPZzZEZ1ZERFp5X0RvYVFBIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd~WyJuSnJlU3E1Nzg3RGZMSDJCbU03cXFRIiwgImlkIiwgImRpZDpleGFtcGxlOjEyMyJd~WyIxMjNNd3hNcHRiek02YUk2aW03ME1RIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiQmFjaGVsb3JEZWdyZWUiXQ~

Example 22: A simple URI-encoded SD-JWT Verifiable Presentation

data:application/vp+sd-jwt,eyJhbGciOiJFUzM4NCIsImtpZCI6IlNJM1JITm91aDhvODFOT09OUFFVQUw3RWdaLWtJNl94ajlvUkV2WDF4T3ciLCJ0eXAiOiJ2YytsZCtqc29uK3NkLWp3dCIsImN0eSI6InZjK2xkK2pzb24ifQ.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.rYzbxb6j1dwop8_s491iArVVJNm6A6C3b742gOm_qYO3zdkyQU4_VxxOSJ8ECcmWj2r5KyiCNC1ojfO4Yms-zBsjt7PoMYpYWBplsqXpiIvnehmM7D0eOLi40uHXki0X~WyJTd2xuZFpPZzZEZ1ZERFp5X0RvYVFBIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiSnNvblNjaGVtYSJd~WyIxMjNNd3hNcHRiek02YUk2aW03ME1RIiwgInR5cGUiLCAiQmFjaGVsb3JEZWdyZWUiXQ~WyJMeG5GYTBXVm8wRUluVy1QdS1fd1dRIiwgInR5cGUiLCBbIlZlcmlmaWFibGVDcmVkZW50aWFsIiwgIkV4YW1wbGVBbHVtbmlDcmVkZW50aWFsIl1d~WyJSWTg1YTZNMmEwX3VDWlFTVGZmTFdRIiwgImlkIiwgImh0dHA6Ly91bml2ZXJzaXR5LmV4YW1wbGUvY3JlZGVudGlhbHMvMTg3MiJd~eyJhbGciOiJFUzM4NCIsInR5cCI6ImtiK2p3dCJ9.eyJub25jZSI6IkVmeTROTFJPX3ZvSkszdDIzcUNfQlEiLCJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3ZlcmlmaWVyLmV4YW1wbGUiLCJpYXQiOjE2OTcyODk5OTZ9.6G-1nVcrDKFzR6BdbcFHcbtassEb8NZ7ZavTYz3SJ-e4pXleXs0tNcCkUCwMI70gsuOY0AXzeDPbHjp5GKyLDVuNWgWCt3Wo2VSaCwUkyfLyvhkCsmkF9kvFhMIOhp1i~

Example 23: A simple URI-encoded COSE Verifiable Presentation

data:application/vp+cose;base64,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

These examples rely on CBOR Diagnostic Notation. Remember that all actual interchange always happens in the binary format.

Example 24: A COSE Sign 1 Protected Header for a Verifiable Credential

{                                   / Protected                     /
  1: -35,                           / Algorithm                     /
  3: application/vc,                / Content type                  /
  4: h'177f12cb...1933d554',        / Key identifier                /
  15: {                             / CWT Claims                    /
    1: urn:example:123,             / Issuer                        /
    2: urn:example:456,             / Subject                       /
  },
}

Example 25: A COSE Sign 1 Protected Header for a Verifiable Presentation

{                                   / Protected                     /
  1: -35,                           / Algorithm                     /
  3: application/vp,                / Content type                  /
  4: h'177f12cb...1933d554',        / Key identifier                /
  15: {                             / CWT Claims                    /
    1: urn:example:123,             / Issuer                        /
    2: urn:example:456,             / Subject                       /
  },
}

Example 26: A COSE Sign 1 with an attached payload

18(                                 / COSE Sign 1                   /
    [
      h'a4013822...3a343536',       / Protected Header              /
      {}                            / Unprotected Header            /
      h'0fbe22a0...3a009118',       / Attached payload              /
      h'09772c7f...5c4e736f'        / Signature                     /
    ]
)

The payload can be either a credential or presentation as described in Securing Mechanisms.

[CID-1.0]: Controlled Identifiers v1.0. Michael Jones; Manu Sporny. W3C. 15 May 2025. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/cid-1.0/
[DID-CORE]: Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) v1.0. Manu Sporny; Amy Guy; Markus Sabadello; Drummond Reed. W3C. 19 July 2022. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/
[JSON-LD11]: JSON-LD 1.1. Gregg Kellogg; Pierre-Antoine Champin; Dave Longley. W3C. 16 July 2020. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld11/
[RFC2119]: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119
[RFC2397]: The "data" URL scheme. L. Masinter. IETF. August 1998. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2397
[RFC6838]: Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures. N. Freed; J. Klensin; T. Hansen. IETF. January 2013. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6838
[RFC7515]: JSON Web Signature (JWS). M. Jones; J. Bradley; N. Sakimura. IETF. May 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515
[RFC7516]: JSON Web Encryption (JWE). M. Jones; J. Hildebrand. IETF. May 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7516
[RFC7517]: JSON Web Key (JWK). M. Jones. IETF. May 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7517
[RFC7519]: JSON Web Token (JWT). M. Jones; J. Bradley; N. Sakimura. IETF. May 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7519
[RFC7638]: JSON Web Key (JWK) Thumbprint. M. Jones; N. Sakimura. IETF. September 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7638
[RFC7800]: Proof-of-Possession Key Semantics for JSON Web Tokens (JWTs). M. Jones; J. Bradley; H. Tschofenig. IETF. April 2016. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7800
[RFC8174]: Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words. B. Leiba. IETF. May 2017. Best Current Practice. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174
[RFC8392]: CBOR Web Token (CWT). M. Jones; E. Wahlstroem; S. Erdtman; H. Tschofenig. IETF. May 2018. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8392
[RFC8747]: Proof-of-Possession Key Semantics for CBOR Web Tokens (CWTs). M. Jones; L. Seitz; G. Selander; S. Erdtman; H. Tschofenig. IETF. March 2020. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8747
[RFC8949]: Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR). C. Bormann; P. Hoffman. IETF. December 2020. Internet Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949
[RFC9052]: CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE): Structures and Process. J. Schaad. IETF. August 2022. Internet Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9052
[RFC9596]: CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) "typ" (type) Header Parameter. M.B. Jones; O. Steele. IETF. June 2024. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9596
[SD-JWT]: Selective Disclosure for JWTs (SD-JWT). Daniel Fett; Kristina Yasuda; Brian Campbell. IETF. Internet-Draft. URL: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-oauth-selective-disclosure-jwt
[URL]: URL Standard. Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: https://url.spec.whatwg.org/
[VC-DATA-MODEL-2.0]: Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0. Ivan Herman; Michael Jones; Manu Sporny; Ted Thibodeau Jr; Gabe Cohen. W3C. 15 May 2025. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/

[JWT]: JSON Web Token (JWT). M. Jones; J. Bradley; N. Sakimura. IETF. May 2015. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7519
[RFC7049]: Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR). C. Bormann; P. Hoffman. IETF. October 2013. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7049
[RFC7159]: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format. T. Bray, Ed. IETF. March 2014. Proposed Standard. URL: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7159
[WCAG21]: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. Michael Cooper; Andrew Kirkpatrick; Joshue O'Connor; Alastair Campbell. W3C. 12 December 2024. W3C Recommendation. URL: https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/

Securing Verifiable Credentials using JOSE and COSE

Abstract

Status of This Document

1. Introduction

1.1 Conformance

1.1.1 Conformance Classes

1.1.2 Securing Verifiable Credentials

1.1.2.1 JWT Format and Requirements

1.1.2.2 SD-JWT Format and Requirements

2. Terminology

3. Securing the VC Data Model

3.1 With JOSE

3.1.1 Securing JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials with JOSE

3.1.2 Securing JSON-LD Verifiable Presentations with JOSE

3.1.3 JOSE Header Parameters and JWT Claims

3.2 With SD-JWT

3.2.1 Securing JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials with SD-JWT

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

3.2.2 Securing JSON-LD Verifiable Presentations with SD-JWT

Claim: type

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

3.3 With COSE

3.3.1 Securing JSON-LD Verifiable Credentials with COSE

3.3.2 Securing JSON-LD Verifiable Presentations with COSE

3.3.3 COSE Header Parameters and CWT Claims

4. Key Discovery

4.1 Using Header Parameters and Claims for Key Discovery

4.1.1 kid

4.1.2 iss

4.1.3 cnf

4.2 Using Controlled Identifier Documents

5. Algorithms

5.1 Verifying a Credential or Presentation Secured with JOSE

5.2 Verifying a Credential or Presentation Secured with SD-JWT

5.3 Verifying a Credential or Presentation Secured with COSE

5.4 Validation

6. IANA Considerations

6.1 Media Types

6.1.1 application/vc+jwt

6.1.2 application/vp+jwt

6.1.3 application/vc+sd-jwt

6.1.4 application/vp+sd-jwt

6.1.5 application/vc+cose

6.1.6 application/vp+cose

7. Other Considerations

7.1 Privacy Considerations

7.2 Security Considerations

7.3 Accessibility

8. Examples

8.1 Controllers

8.2 Credentials

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

8.3 Presentations

Claim: type

Claim: id

Claim: type

6.1.1 `application/vc+jwt`

6.1.2 `application/vp+jwt`

6.1.3 `application/vc+sd-jwt`

6.1.4 `application/vp+sd-jwt`

6.1.5 `application/vc+cose`

6.1.6 `application/vp+cose`