Abstract
This document describes or points to requirements for the layout and presentation of text in languages that use the Adlam script. The target audience is developers of Web standards and technologies, such as HTML, CSS, Mobile Web, Digital Publications, and Unicode, as well as implementers of web browsers, ebook readers, and other applications that need to render Adlam text.
Status of This Document
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This document describes the basic requirements for Adlam script layout and text support on the Web and in eBooks. These requirements provide information for Web technologies such as CSS, HTML and digital publications about how to support users of Adlam script languages. Currently the document focuses on the Adlam script as used for Fula. The information here is developed in conjunction with a document that summarises gaps in support on the Web for Adlam.
The editor's draft of this document is being developed by the African Layout Task Force, part of the W3C Internationalization Interest Group. It is published by the Internationalization Working Group. The end target for this document is a Working Group Note.
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The aim of this document is to describe the basic requirements for Adlam script layout and text support on the Web and in eBooks. These requirements provide information for Web technologies such as CSS, HTML and digital publications, and for application developers, about how to support users of the Adlam script. The document currently focuses on texts using the Fula language.
Some links on this page point to repositories or pages to which information will be added over time. Initially, the link may produce no results, but as issues, tests, etc. are created they will show up.
This document is pointed to by a separate document, Adlam Gap Analysis, which describes gaps in support for Adlam on the Web, and prioritises and describes the impact of those gaps on the user.
Wherever an unsupported feature is indentified through the gap analysis process, the requirements for that feature need to be documented. The gap reports will typically point back to this document for more information.
As gaps in support for Adlam are captured, the gaps can be brought to the attention of the relevant spec developer or the browser implementator community. The progress of such work is tracked in the Gap Analysis Pipeline.
This document should contain no reference to a particular technology. For example, it should not say "CSS does/doesn't do such and such", and it should not describe how a technology, such as CSS, should implement the requirements. It is technology agnostic, so that it will be evergreen, and it simply describes how the script works. The gap analysis document is the appropriate place for all kinds of technology-specific information.
To complement any content authored specifically for this document, the sections in the document also point to related, external information, tests, GitHub discussions, etc.
The document Language enablement index points to this document and others, and provides a central location for developers and implementers to find information related to various scripts.
The W3C also has a repository with discussion threads related to the Adlam script, including requests from developers to the user community for information about how scripts/languages work, and a notification system that tracks issues in W3C working groups related to the Adlam script. See a list of unresolved questions for Adlam experts. Each section below points to related discussions. See also the repository home page.
The Adlam script is an alphabet, ie. a writing system in which both consonants and vowels are indicated.
Modern Adlam can be written using a subset of the letters available in the Adlam Unicode block. The remainder are used for writing Todo, Sibe, and Manchu, or for writing foriegn words, especially in Tibetan and Sanskrit.
Adlam text runs right-to-left in horizontal lines. Unlike Arabic, numbers are also written right-to-left.
The script can be written cursively or not. Non-joining fonts may be used for titles, etc.
Adlam is bicameral.
The native consonant letters used for Fula are supplemented by repertoire extensions for more sounds used in foreign and loan words, and by applying a consonant modifier diacritic or a nukta to characters for more foreign (mostly Arabic) sounds.
There is no special treatment for consonant clusters or final consonants.
Diacritics are used to indicate prenasalisation and gemination.
This script is an alphabet where vowels are written using 5 vowel letters (10 counting both uppercase and lowercase) and 3 combining marks. The 5 vowel letters do not reflect differences in vowel quality associated with short vs. long vowels. A nukta diacritic can be used to indicate 2 specific sounds (though that is rare).
Long vowels are also indicated using one of 2 combining marks.
Standalone vowels are written using ordinary vowel letters and no special arrangements.
Adlam has a set of native numerals. Numbers are written from right-to-left, and therefore do not create bidirectional text.