All technologies that support CSS.
This technique relates to:
The objective of this technique is to demonstrate how CSS can be used to control the visual presentation of text. This will allow users to modify, via the user agent, the visual characteristics of the text to meet their requirement. The text characteristics include aspects such as size, color, font family and relative placement.
CSS benefits accessibility primarily by separating document structure from presentation. Style sheets were designed to allow precise control - outside of markup - of character spacing, text alignment, object position on the page, audio and speech output, font characteristics, etc. By separating style from markup, authors can simplify and clean up the markup in their content, making it more accessible at the same time.
Text within images has several accessibility problems, including the inability to:
be scaled according to settings in the browser
be displayed in colors specified by settings in the browser or rules in user-defined style sheets
honor operating system settings, such as high contrast
It is better to use real text for the text portion of these elements, and a combination of semantic markup and style sheets to create the appropriate visual presentation. For this to work effectively, choose fonts that are likely to be available on the user's system and define fallback fonts for users who may not have the first font that is specified. Newer machines and user agents often smooth or anti-alias all text, so it is likely that your headings and buttons will look nice on these systems without resorting to images of text.
The following CSS properties are useful to style text and avoid the need for text in images:
The font-family property is used to display the code aspect in a monospace font family.
The text-align property is used to display the text to the right of the viewport.
The font-size property is used to display the text in a larger size.
The font-style property is used to display text in italics.
The font-weight property is used to set how thick or thin characters in text should be displayed.
The color property is used to display the color of text or text containers.
The line-height property is used to display the line height for a block of text.
The text-transform property is used to control the case of letters in text.
The letter-spacing property is used to control the spacing of letters in text.
The background-image property can be used to display text on a non-text background.
The first-line pseudo class can be used to modify the presentation of the first line in a block of text.
The :first-letter pseudo class can be used to modify the presentation of the first letter in a block of text.
The :before and :after pseudo classes can be used to insert decorative non-text content before or after blocks of text.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>The Javascript method to convert a string to uppercase is <code>toUpperCase()</code>.</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
code { font-family:"Courier New", Courier, monospace }
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p class="right">This text should be to the right of the viewport.</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.right { text-align: right; }
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>09 <strong class="largersize">March</strong> 2008</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
strong.largersize { font-size: 1.5em; }
Note: The style used in this example is not used to convey information, structure or relationships.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>09 <em class="highlight">March</em> 2008</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.highlight{ color: red; }
Note: The style used in this example is not used to convey information, structure or relationships.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>The article is available in the <a href="http://www.example.com" class="featuredsite">Endocrinology
Blog</a>.</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.featuredsite{ font-style:italic; }
Note: The style used in this example is not used to convey information, structure or relationships.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>This deal is available <span class="highlight">now!</span></p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.highlight { font-weight:bold; color:#990000; }
Note: The style used in this example is not used to convey information, structure or relationships.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>09 <span class="caps">March</span> 2008</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.caps { text-transform:uppercase; }
The CSS line-height property is used to display the line height for the paragraph at twice the height of the font.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p>Concern for man and his fate must always form the<br />
chief interest of all technical endeavors. <br />
Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations. </p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
p { line-height:2em; }
The CSS line-height property is used to display the line height for the text at less than the height of the font. The second line of text is positioned after the first line of text and visually appears as though the text is part of the first line but dropped a little.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<h1 class="overlap"><span class="upper">News</span><br />
<span class="byline">today</span></h1>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.overlap { line-height:0.2em; }
.upper { text-transform:uppercase; }
.byline { color:red; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold; padding-left:3em; }
The CSS letter-spacing property is used to display the letters farther apart in the heading.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<h1 class="overlap"><span class="upper">News</span><br />
<span class="byline">today</span></h1>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.overlap { line-height:0.2em; }
.upper { text-transform:uppercase; }
.byline { color:red; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold; padding-left:3em; letter-spacing:-0.1em; }
The CSS letter-spacing property is used to display the letters closer together in the second line of text.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<h1 class="upper2">News</h1>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.upper2 { text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1em; }
The CSS font-style property is used to display the textual component of a banner and background-image property is used to display a picture behind the text.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<div id="banner"><span id="bannerstyle1">Welcome</span>
<span id="bannerstyle2">to your local city council</span></div>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
#banner {
color:white;
background-image:url(banner-bg.gif);
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-color:#003399;
width:29em;
}
#bannerstyle1 {
text-transform:uppercase;
font-weight:bold;
font-size:2.5em;
}
#bannerstyle2 {
font-style:italic;
font-weight:bold;
letter-spacing:-0.1em;
font-size:1.5em;
}The CSS :first-line pseudo class is used to display the first line of text in a larger, red font.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p class="startline">Once upon a time...<br />
...in a land far, far away... </p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.startline:first-line { font-size:2em; color:#990000; }
The CSS :first-letter pseudo class is used to display the first letter in a larger font size, red and vertically aligned in the middle.
The XHTML component:
Example Code:
<p class="startletter">Once upon a time...</p>
The CSS component:
Example Code:
.startletter:first-letter { font-size:2em; color:#990000; vertical-align:middle; }
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Check whether CSS properties were used to control the visual presentation of text
Check #1 is true.
If this is a sufficient technique for a success criterion, failing this test procedure does not necessarily mean that the success criterion has not been satisfied in some other way, only that this technique has not been successfully implemented and can not be used to claim conformance.
Techniques are informative—that means they are not required. The basis for determining conformance to WCAG 2.0 is the success criteria from the WCAG 2.0 standard—not the techniques. For important information about techniques, please see the Understanding Techniques for WCAG Success Criteria section of Understanding WCAG 2.0.