Standards: Early Days
- Motivations
- Safety: e.g. steam boilers
- Interoperability
- measurements
- "hardware" (e.g., railroads, nuts&bolts, wire)
- "data" (e.g., telegraph, phone, travel, finance)
- ... where compatibility among collaborators and competitors is needed
- Fora
- Industry organizations
- Governments
- National accredited SDOs (e.g., ANSI)
- International accredited SDOs (e.g., ISO)
- Characteristics
- Open
- Low fee
- Cautious
- Not necessarily rapid
- Int'l level, votes per country