Abstract
Many people want to use XHTML to author their web pages, but are confused
about the best ways to deliver those pages in such a way that they will be
processed correctly by various user agents. This Note contains
suggestions
about how to format XHTML to ensure it is maximally portable, and how to deliver
XHTML to various user agents - even those that do not yet support XHTML natively.
This document is intended to be used by document authors who want to use
XHTML today, but want to be confident that their XHTML content is going to
work in the greatest number of environments. The suggestions in this document
are relevant to all XHTML Family Recommendations at the time of its publication.
Status of This Document
This section describes the status of this document at the time of
its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of
current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report
can be found in the W3C technical reports
index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.
This document is a Note made available by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) for your information.
Publication as a Working Group Note does not imply endorsement by
the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated,
replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is
inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in
progress.
This document has been produced by the W3C XHTML 2 Working Group
as part of the HTML Activity.
The goals of the XHTML 2 Working Group are discussed in
the XHTML 2 Working Group
charter.
The document represents working group consensus
on the usage of Internet media types for various XHTML Family documents.
However, this document is not intended to be a normative specification.
Instead, it documents a set of recommendations to maximize
the interoperability of XHTML documents with regard to Internet media types.
This document does not address general issues on
media types and namespaces.
Comments on this document may be sent to
www-html-editor@w3.org
(archive).
Public discussion on this document may take place on the mailing list www-html@w3.org (archive).
This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent
disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group;
that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.
XHTML 1.0 [XHTML1] reformulated
HTML 4 [HTML4] as an XML application,
and XHTML Modularization [XHTMLM12N]
provided a means to define XHTML-based markup languages using
XHTML modules, collectively called the "XHTML Family".
However, due to historical reasons, a recommended way to serve such
XHTML Family documents, in particular with regard to Internet media
types, was somewhat unclear.
After the publication of [XHTML1],
an RFC for XML media
types was revised and published as RFC 3023
[RFC3023], and it introduced the '+xml'
suffix convention for XML-based media types.
The 'application/xhtml+xml' media type [RFC3236]
was registered following that convention.
There are several possible media types that can be used on XHTML Family
documents. This Note addresses only the use of
'text/html' and 'application/xhtml+xml'.
This document summarizes the current best practice for using those various
Internet media types for XHTML Family documents.
In general, 'application/xhtml+xml'
should be used for XHTML Family documents, and
the use of 'text/html' should be limited to
HTML-compatible
XHTML Family documents intended for delivery to user agents that
do not explicitly state in their HTTP Accept header that they
accept 'application/xhtml+xml'
[HTTP].
The media types
'application/xml' and 'text/xml' may also be used,
but whenever appropriate, 'application/xhtml+xml' or 'text/html'
should be used rather than those generic
XML media types.
Note that, because of the lack of explicit support for XHTML (and
XML in general)
in some user agents, only very careful
construction of documents can ensure their portability (see
Appendix A).
If you do not require the advanced features
of XHTML Family markup languages (e.g., XML DOM, XML Validation,
extensibility via XHTML Modularization,
semantic markup via
XHTML+RDFa, Assistive Technology access via the XHTML Role and XHTML
Access modules, etc.), you may want to consider using
HTML 4.01 [HTML]
in order to reduce the risk that content will not be
portable to HTML user agents. Even in that case authors can
help ensure their portability AND ease their eventual migration to
the XHTML Family by ensuring their documents are
valid [VALIDATOR] and by
following the relevant guidelines in
Appendix A.
Note: While this document sometimes uses terms like "must" and "should",
this document is not normative and those terms do not have the same meaning
as when they are used in a normative W3C specification.
- XHTML
- The Extensible HyperText Markup Language.
XHTML is not the name of a single, monolithic markup language,
but the name of a family of document types which collectively form
a family of related markup languages. The namespace URI for the XHTML Family is
http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml.
Examples of document types that are members of this family include
[XHTML1],
and XHTML Host Language document types such as XHTML 1.1 [XHTML11] and XHTML Basic [XHTMLBasic].
Elements and attributes in those document types belong to the XHTML
namespace (except those from the XML namespace, such as
xml:lang), but an XHTML Family document type
may also include elements and attributes from other
namespaces, such as MathML
[MathML2].
This section summarizes which Internet media type should
be used for XHTML Family documents.
Note that while some suggestions are made in this section with
regard to content delivery, this section is by no means
a comprehensive discussion of content negotiation techniques.
That being said, a combination of these rules, in conjunction with a careful examination
of the HTTP Accept header, can be useful in determining which media type
to use when a document adheres to the guidelines in
Appendix A. Specifically:
- If the Accept header explicitly contains
application/xhtml+xml
(with either no "q" parameter or a positive "q" value)
deliver the document using that media type.
- If the Accept header explicitly contains
text/html
(with either no "q" parameter or a positive "q" value)
deliver the document using that media type.
- If the accept header contains "*/*" (a convention
some user agents use to indicate that they will accept anything),
deliver the document using
text/html.
In other words,
requestors that advertise they support XHTML family documents
will receive the document in the XHTML media type,
and all other requestors that (at least claim to)
support HTML or "everything" will receive the document
using the HTML media type. Dealing with
user agents that satisfy none of these criteria
is outside the scope of this document.
When an XHTML document does NOT adhere to the guidelines, it
should only be delivered as media type application/xhtml+xml.
The 'application/xhtml+xml' media type [RFC3236]
is the primary media type for XHTML Family documents.
'application/xhtml+xml' should be used for serving
XHTML documents to XHTML user agents (agents that
explicitly indicate they support this media type).
This media type must be used when writing documents using
XHTML Family document types that add elements and attributes from
foreign namespaces, such as XHTML+MathML
[XHTML+MathML].
3.2. 'text/html'
The 'text/html' media type [RFC2854] is
primarily for HTML, not for XHTML. In general, this media type is
NOT suitable for XHTML except when the XHTML is
conforms to the guidelines in Appendix A.
In particular, 'text/html' is NOT suitable for
XHTML Family document types that add elements and attributes from
foreign namespaces, such as XHTML+MathML
[XHTML+MathML].
XHTML documents served as 'text/html' will not be processed as
XML [XML10], e.g., well-formedness errors
may not be detected by user agents. Also be aware that HTML rules will
be applied for DOM and
style sheets
(see guidelines 11 and 13).
Authors should also be careful about character encoding issues.
See guideline 1 and guideline 9 for details.
This appendix summarizes design guidelines for authors who
wish their XHTML documents to render on both
XHTML-aware and modern HTML user
agents. The purpose of providing these guidelines is to supply a simple collection
that, if followed, will give reasonable, predictable results in
modern user agents. Document authors should treat these as best practices
that were considered correct at the time this document was published. Like
all of this document, this Appendix is informative.
These guidelines in no way change the conformance requirements of any
XHTML Family markup language.
Note that these guidelines were originally published in
[XHTML1]. They have been moved into this document
and updated because they are applicable beyond that recommendation, and
also because they needed to be updated to reflect changes in modern user
agents since that recommendation was first published.
For an example document that reflect the use of the
guidelines from this section, see Appendix B.
A.1. Processing Instructions and the XML Declaration
DO NOT include XML processing instructions NOR the XML declaration.
Rationale:
Some HTML user agents render XML processing instructions. Also,
some user agents
interpret the XML declaration to mean that the
document is unrecognized XML rather than HTML.
Such user agents may not render the document as expected.
For compatibility with these types of
HTML browsers, you should avoid using processing instructions
and XML declarations.
Consequence: Remember, however, that
when the XML declaration is not included in a document, AND the
character encoding is not specified by a higher level protocol
such as HTTP, the document
can only use the default character encodings UTF-8 or UTF-16.
See, however, guideline 9 below.
A.2. Elements that can never have content
If an element has an EMPTY content model DO use the minimized tag syntax
permitted by XML (e.g., <br />).
DO NOT use the alternative syntax (e.g., <br></br>) allowed by XML, since this may be unsupported by
HTML user agents.
Also, DO include a space before the trailing / and
>.
Empty elements in the XHTML family include:
area,
base,
basefont,
br,
col,
hr,
img,
input,
isindex,
link,
meta, and
param.
Rationale: HTML user agents ignore the /> at
the end of a tag, but without it they may incorrectly parse the tag or its attributes. HTML user agents also may not recognize the alternate
syntax permitted by XML.
A.3. Elements that have no content
If an element permits content (e.g., the div element)
but an instance of that element has no content (e.g., an empty
section), DO NOT use the
"minimized" tag syntax (e.g., <div />).
Rationale:
HTML user agents may give uncertain results when using the
the minimized syntax permitted by XML when an element has no content.
A.4. Embedded Style Sheets and Scripts
DO use external style sheets if your style sheet uses <
or & or ]]> or --.
DO NOT use an internal stylesheet
if the style rules contain any of the above characters.
DO use
external scripts if your script uses < or
& or ]]> or --.
DO NOT embed a script in a document
if it contains any of these characters.
Rationale:
While XML provides the CDATA structure to embed data such as this,
that method will not work correctly should the document be delivered as
media type text/html. The best way to insulate your scripts and
stylesheets is to make them external. Both XML and HTML
have mechanisms that can protect this content when it is embedded
in a document. If you must embed the content, the
following patterns can be used:
Portably escaping embedded script contents:
<script>//<![CDATA[
...
//]]></script>
Portably escaping embedded style contents:
<style>/*<![CDATA[*/
...
/*]]>*/</style>
A.5. Line Breaks within Attribute Values
DO ensure that attribute values are on a single line and only use single whitespace characters.
DO NOT use line breaks and multiple consecutive white space characters within
attribute values.
Rationale: These are handled inconsistently by user
agents - user agents are permitted to collapse multiple whitespace
characters to a single white space character.
A.6. Deleted
This guideline was deleted because it is no longer relevant.
A.7. The lang and xml:lang Attributes
DO use both lang and xml:lang
attributes when specifying the language of an element in markup languages that support the use of both.
Rationale:
HTML 4 documents use the lang attribute
to identify the language
of an element. XML documents use the xml:lang attribute.
CSS has a "lang" pseudo-selector that automatically uses the appropriate
attribute depending on the media type. Therefore, specifying both
attributes ensures that single CSS selectors will work in both modes.
A.8. Fragment Identifiers
DO use the id attribute to identify elements.
DO ensure that the values used for the id attribute are limited to the pattern
[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9:_.-]*.
DO NOT use the name attribute to identify elements, even in languages that
permit the use of name such as XHTML 1.0.
Rationale: In HTML 3.2 and earlier the
name attribute on some elements could
be used to define an anchor, but HTML 4 introduced the
id attribute. In an XML dialect, only attributes
with type ID are permitted to be used
as anchors, and the id attribute is defined to be
of type ID. Relying upon the id attribute
as an anchor will work well in modern HTML and
XHTML-aware user agents.
A.9. Character Encoding
DO encode your document
in UTF-8 or UTF-16.
When delivering the document
from a server, DO set the character encoding for a document via the
charset parameter of the HTTP Content-Type header.
When not delivering the document from a server, DO
set the encoding via a "meta http-equiv" statement in the document (e.g., <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />). However, note that doing so will explicitly
bind the document to an a single content type.
Rationale: Since these guidelines already recommend that
documents NOT contain the XML declaration, setting the encoding via the
HTTP header is the only reliable mechanism compatible with
HTML and XML user agents. When that mechanism is not available, the only portable
fallback is the "meta http-equiv" statement.
A.10. Boolean Attributes
DO use the full form for boolean attributes, as required by
XML (e.g., disabled="disabled").
Such attributes include:
compact, nowrap, ismap,
declare, noshade, checked,
disabled, readonly,
multiple, selected, noresize,
and defer.
Rationale: The compact form of these attributes is not
well formed XML, and therefore invalid.
A.11. Document Object Model and XHTML
DO ensure examination of element and attribute
names in scripts that use the DOM
as defined in The Document Object Model level 1 Recommendation [DOM]
are case-insensitive.
Rationale: This will ensure maximum portability of
scripts, since the DOM methods will return element and attribute names
in uppercase when served as text/html and in
lowercase when served as application/xhtml+xml.
For example, in JavaScript you might do something like:
...
var name=node.name().toLowerCase;
if ( name == 'table' ) {
...
}
For more information on this, see also section 1.3 XHTML and the HTML DOM in [HTMLDOM2].
A.12. Using Ampersands
DO ensure that when content or attribute values contain
the reserved character &
it is used in its escaped form &.
Rationale: If ampersands are not encoded, the characters after
them up to the next semi-colon can be interpreted as the name of a
entity by the user agent. The document could also be considered not "well-formed" by an XML processor.
A.13. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and XHTML
DO use lower case element and attribute names in style sheets.
DO create rules that include inferred elements (e.g., the tbody
element in a table).
Rationale: These simple rules will help increase the portability of
CSS rules regardless of the media type the document is processed as.
A.14. Referencing Style Elements when serving as XML
DO NOT use xml-stylesheet declarations to identify style
sheets.
DO use the style or link elements to
define stylesheets.
Rationale: Since XML processing instructions may be
rendered by some HTML user agents, using the standard XML stylesheet
declaration mechanism may not work well. However, since XHTML user agents
are required to process style and link elements
and interpret stylesheets referenced from those elements, documents
constructed to use them will work as expected.
A.15. Formfeed Character in HTML vs. XML
DO NOT use the formfeed character (U+000C).
Rationale: This character is recognized as white space
in HTML 4, but is NOT considered white space in all versions of XML.
A.16. The Named Character Reference '
DO use ' to specify an escaped apostrophe.
DO NOT use '.
Rationale: The entity ' is not defined
in HTML 4.
A.17. The XML DTD Internal Subset
DO NOT use the XML DTD internal subset mechanism as
part of the DOCTYPE declaration.
Rationale: The subset mechanism is not supported by non-XML user agents.
A.18. CDATA Sections
DO NOT use the XML CDATA mechanism excepting as
described in guideline 4 above.
Rationale: This mechanism is not supported in non-XML user agents.
A.19. Explicit <tbody> Elements
DO use explicit tbody elements
within tables.
Rationale: While the content model of the table element permits
the tbody element to be skipped, in HTML 4 this element is implicit.
HTML 4 user agents will silently add this element, thus potentially confusing
scripts or style sheets.
A.20. base vs. xml:base
DO use the base element if you
need to establish an alternate base URI for your document.
DO NOT use the xml:base attribute.
Rationale: Most
XHTML Family markup languages do not even support xml:base, relying instead upon the (X)HTML
element base. HTML user agents do not support xml:base at all.
A.21. document.write
DO NOT use the JavaScript methods document.write
or document.writeln to change the document.
DO use DOM manipulation to achieve the same effect.
Rationale: Native XML user agents may not support this technique for modifying the content of the document.
A.22. Updating a document using innerHTML
DO NOT use the
the JavaScript innerHTML method
(supported by some user agents) to update a document
dynamically.DO use standard DOM
manipulation techniques instead. If you choose to use this method, ensure that
it is available in the user agent and then ensure
that any content inserted via the method is well-formed AND conforms to these
guidelines so it is HTML 4 compatible.
Rationale: There are many other standard Document Object Model
methods for updating a document that will do so more portably than
this non-standard method.
A.23. Scripts and missing tbody elements
DO ensure that if tbody
elements are omitted from table elements,
scripts that examine the document tree are capable of working both with
and without the element.
Rationale: See guideline 19 above.
A.24. Styling the entire document
DO ensure that any CSS
properties on the html element are also
specified on the body element.
Rationale: Some HTML user agents only recognize CSS properties on the
body element.
A.25. noscript Element
DO NOT use the noscript
element.
Rationale: The contents of this element are treated differently
depending on whether the document is evaluated as XML or HTML,
as well as whether scripting is enabled in the user agent or not.
A.26. iframe Element
DO NOT embed content in
the iframe element.
DO use the src attribute to incorporate
data via the iframe element.
Rationale: Content embedded in this element is treated differently
depending on whether the document is evaluated as XML or HTML,
as well as whether scripting is enabled in the user agent or not.
The contents of the frame can be imported from an external
source via the src attribute.
A.27. Creating elements in JavaScript
DO create new Document
Object Model elements via the createElementNS method
if it is available. If it is not, fallback to the createElement
method.
Rationale: The createElementNS method will work as expected in
both HTML and XML contexts, but it is not supported in all user agents.
The following is an example document that adopts the conventions
described in Appendix A to ensure its portability among
XHTML and HTML user agents. This example uses XHTML 1.0 Strict.
It could also have used XHTML 1.1. In that case the top of the
document would look like:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
In this case, note that the lang attribute is not used
on the html element. XHTML 1.1 does not support the
lang attribute.
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<!-- use lang and xml:lang if your language supports it - A.7 -->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<title>Example Portable XHTML</title>
<!-- Embed encoding when you can't set it from the server - A.9 -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<!-- use base, not xml:base - A.20 -->
<base href="http://www.w3.org/MarkUp" />
<!-- use an external stylesheet or script - A.4, A.14 -->
<link href="style/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
<!-- if you must embed, escape bad stuff - A.4, A.14 -->
<style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
/* Use lower case names in stylesheets - A.13 */
.main { padding-left: 10px; }
/* put properties on whole document - A.24 */
html {background-color: #e4e5e9; }
body {background-color: #e4e5e9; }
/*]]>*/</style>
<!-- Need full form of boolean attributes like defer - A.10 -->
<script defer="defer" type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[
var SOME_VALUE="<this is a test>";
//]]></script>
</head>
<body>
<!-- use the id attribute to identify elements - A.8 -->
<div id="main">
<!-- ensure there are never linebreaks in attribute values - A.5 -->
<h1 title="This section shows how to write portable content">
Main Section
</h1>
<!-- IMG can never have content so use shorthand form - A.2 -->
<img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/w3c_main" alt="W3C logo" />
<!-- An element with no content cannot use shorthand - A.3 -->
<p></p>
<!-- Apostrophes must be escaped using numeric - A.16 -->
<p title='rule for 'ampersands''>
<!-- Ampersands must be escaped - A.12 -->
Some material & some other material
</p>
<table>
<!-- use explicit tbody element - A.19 -->
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Table Cell</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
- [DOM]
- "Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification",
L. Wood et al., 1 October 1998.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-DOM-Level-1-19981001
- [HTMLDOM2]
- "Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 HTML Specification",
J. Stenback et al., 9 January 2003.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-DOM-Level-2-HTML-20030109
- [HTML4]
"HTML 4.01
Specification", W3C Recommendation, D. Raggett, A. Le Hors,
I. Jacobs, eds., 24 December 1999.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224
The latest version of HTML 4.01
is available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/html401
The latest version of HTML 4
is available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/html4
- [HTTP]
- "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, J. Gettys, R. Fielding,
J. Mogul, H. Frystyk, L. Masinter, P. Leach and T. Berners-Lee, June 1999.
Available at: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt
- [MathML2]
"Mathematical
Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0", W3C Recommendation,
D. Carlisle, P. Ion, R. Miner, N. Poppelier, eds.,
21 February 2001.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-MathML2-20010221
The latest version is
available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2
- [RFC2854]
- "The 'text/html'
Media Type", RFC 2854, D. Connolly, L. Masinter, June 2000.
Available at: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2854.txt
- [RFC3023]
- "XML Media Types",
RFC3023, M. Murata, S. St.Laurent, D. Kohn, January 2001.
Available at: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3023.txt
- [RFC3236]
- "The
'application/xhtml+xml' Media Type", RFC 3236, M. Baker, P. Stark,
January 2002. Available at: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3236.txt
- [VALIDATOR]
The W3C Markup Validation
Service available at http://validator.w3.org.
- [XHTML1]
"XHTML™ 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition):
A Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0", W3C Recommendation,
S. Pemberton et al., August 2002.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xhtml1-20020801
The first edition
is available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126
The latest version is
available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1
- [XHTML11]
"XHTML™
1.1 - Module-based XHTML", W3C Recommendation,
M. Altheim, S. McCarron, eds., 31 May 2001.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xhtml11-20010531
The latest version
is available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11
- [XHTMLBasic]
"XHTML™ Basic 1.1", W3C Recommendation,
S. McCarron, M. Ishikawa
eds., 29 July 2008.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xhtml-basic-20080729
The latest version is
available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic
- [XHTMLM12N]
"XHTML™ Modularization 1.1", W3C Recommendation,
D. Austin et. al., eds., 8 October 2008.
Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xhtml-modularization-20081008
The latest version
is at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-modularization
- [XHTML+MathML]
- "XHTML
plus Math 1.1 DTD",
"A.2 MathML as a DTD Module", Mathematical Markup Language (MathML)
Version 2.0. Available at:
http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/dtd/xhtml-math11-f.dtd
- [XML]
- "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0
(Fourth Edition)",
W3C Recommendation,
T. Bray, J. Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, E. Maler, F. Yergeau,
eds., 16 August 2006. Available at:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816
Restructured to be more focused on text/html and application/xhtml+xml
Migrated compatibility guidelines from XHTML 1.0 into this note so
they can be updated and extended more easily.
Appendix E. Acknowledgements
This document is the work of many people over the course of many years. Unfortunately, it is impossible to properly acknowledge all of them. Suffice to say that they all have the thanks of the working group. A few contributors went above and beyond:
At the time of this publication, the members of the XHTML 2
Working Group were:
- Roland Merrick
IBM
(XHTML 2 Working Group Co-Chair)
- Steven Pemberton, CWI
(XHTML 2 Working Group Co-Chair)
- Mark Birbeck, webBackplane
- Susan Borgrink, Progeny Systems
- Christina Bottomley, Society for Technical Communication (STC)
- Alessio Cartocci, International Webmasters Association / HTML Writers Guild (IWA-HWG)
- Alexander Graf, University of Innsbruck
- Tina Holmboe, Greytower Technologies
- John Kugelman, Progeny Systems
- Luca Mascaro, International Webmasters Association / HTML Writers Guild (IWA-HWG)
- Shane McCarron, Aptest
- Michael Rawling, IVIS Group Limited
- Gregory Rosmaita, Invited Expert
- Sebastian Schnitzenbaumer, Dreamlab Technologies AG
- Richard Schwerdtfeger,
IBM
- Elias Torres,
IBM
- Masataka Yakura, Mitsue-Links Co., Ltd.
- Toshihiko Yamakami, ACCESS Co., Ltd.