Implementing UAAG 2.0

3.1.1 Identify Presence of Alternative Content The user has the ability to have indicators rendered along with rendered elements that have alternative content (e.g. visual icons rendered in proximity of content which has short text alternatives, long descriptions, or captions). In cases where the alternative content has different dimensions than the original content, the user has the option to specify how the layout/reflow of the document should be handled. (Level A).

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.1.1:
  When the author provides alternative content, it is wasted if the user cannot find it. Thus it becomes the responsibility of the user agent to make the presence of alternative content evident to the user. The user should not have to hunt and examine every time to see if it includes such content, because such searching can be time-consuming, especially for users whose disability makes input difficult, tiring, or painful. The user should be able to easily identify which items have alternative content, rather than being merely informed that alternative content is somewhere in the view.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.1.1:
  • Distinct visual icons are rendered in proximity of content which has short text alternatives, long descriptions, captions. If the icon forces the text to extend beyond a fixed size container the user agent handles this using its global preference settings to determine whether it expands the container, provides scroll bars, or truncates the content.
  • When rendering a Web page using synthesized speech, the browser generates an audible tone to signify the word being read is an acronym, and the user can press the * key to hear the expansion. When the phrase being read is the Alt text for an image, another tone indicates that the user can press + to hear the longdesc.
  • A button is displayed beneath the playing video to indicate that captions are available and to let the user toggle their display.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.1.1:
  • (Refer to the SC about handling layout/reflow options.)

3.1.2 Configurable Default Rendering: The user has a global option to specify which types of alternative content by default and, in cases where the alternative content has different dimensions than the original content, how the layout/reflow of the document should be handled. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.1.2:
  When the author provides alternative content, it is wasted if the user agent doesn't render it for users who need it. This is a global option because it would be an unreasonable burden for the user to have to change the rendering options every time they visit a new page.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.1.2:
  • In the browser's preferences dialog box, a user specifies that they want Alt text displayed in place of images, and that the document should reflow to allow the entire Alt text to be displayed rather than truncated.
  • In the browser's preferences dialog box, a user chooses to always display the alternative ("fallback") content for embedded objects, such as videos.
  • The user toggles a menu item which turns on the display of all captions for video and audio content.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.1.2:
  • To be written

3.1.3 Browse and Render: The user can browse the alternatives, switch between them, and render them according to the following (Level A):

1. synchronized alternatives for time-based media (e.g., captions, audio descriptions, sign language) can be rendered at the same time as their associated audio tracks and visual tracks, and
2. non-synchronized alternatives (e.g., short text alternatives, long descriptions) can be rendered as replacements for the original rendered content.

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.1.3:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.1.3:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.1.3:
  • See Success Criterion 2.1.2: Name, Role, State, Value, Description

3.1.4 Rendering Alternative (Enhanced): Provide the user with the global option to configure a cascade of types of alternatives to render by default, in case a preferred type is unavailable. If the alternative content has a different height or width, then the user agent will reflow the viewport. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.1.4:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.1.4:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.1.4:
  • To be written

3.4.1 Repair Missing Alternatives: The user has the option of receiving generated repair text when the user agent recognizes that the author has not provided alternative content required by the technology specification (e.g., short text alternative for an image). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.4.1:
  When alternative content is missing, it is sometimes useful for the user agent to provide alternative information that is available, such as the filename. The user needs to be able to control the flow of this information, because it can be distracting and time-consuming. This is particularly important for users with some disabilities, who may not be able to use some forms of content (e.g. images) or may even need to avoid some forms of content (e.g. animations) and therefore choose to replace them with alternative content.
  
  The user needs to be able to control the flow of the content when this information is added, because in some cases cases truncating the content to fit its container will make the document unusable (e.g. if important information becomes hidden), while in other cases expanding the container will make the document unusable (e.g. when important cues no longer line up correctly).
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.4.1:
  • There is an image in web content that does not have alternative text provided. The browser displays the string '(image canoe.png)', which includes the file name because that is the only available information about the image.
  • A video does not have captions. The user selects a caption button, and the user is informed that no captions exist. The player then analyzes the video soundtrack and provides speech to text translation served as captions. Note: this is an advanced example, not a requirement.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.4.1:
  • Evaluating Web Sites for Accessibility: Overview

3.4.2 Repair Empty Alternatives: The user has the option of receiving generated repair text when the user agent recognizes that the author has provided empty alternative content. for an enabled element. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.4.2:
  When an author has chosen to code web content for alternative text but not provide any text information (e.g. an empty alt) the user may still need to know any information available about that web content. Some authoring tools may insert empty alternative text by default, even though this is is contrary to accessibility guidelines, and this can prevent users from getting useful information about the element.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.4.2:
  • A user wanting addional information on an image can right click on an image to get a context menu, then choose properties to get available information about the image without have to find the image in the source code.
  • A photo-sharing web site automatically generates web content with text alternatatives. When the photos are initially uploaded, or if the person posting the photos chooses not to caption a photo, an empty text alternative is automatically generated. A person with visual impairments uploads a batch of photos and needs to know which photo is which in order to provide the photo description. The user agent provides a menu option that displays all known information about that file including filename and selected camera info (date, time, size, type, etc.).
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.4.2:
  • To be written

3.5.1 Highlighted items: The user has the option to highlight the following classes of information so that each is uniquely distinguished. (Level A):

• (a) selection,
• (b) content focus,
• (c) recognized enabled elements, and
• (d) recently visited links.

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.5.1:
  Users need to be able to easily discover what web content they can interact with. Users with low vision need to be able to highlight selection, content focus, enabled elements and links (including recently visited links) in order to successfully discover and interact with the web content.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.5.1:
  • A web site uses styles to override visited link color. A low vision user wants to know what links have yet to be explored. The user agent provides a dialog box for setting overrides to author-selected link colors.
  • An author has created a web site with CSS styles that removes the content focus outline. The user agent provides a dialog box for setting overrides to authors CSS focus outline declaration.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.5.1:
  • UAAG 3.5.2 Highlighting Options

3.5.2 Highlighting options: The highlighting options (with the same configurable range as the operating environment's conventional selection utilities) include at least (Level A):

• (a) foreground colors,
• (b) background colors, and
• (c) input focus (with configurable color and width).

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.5.2:
  A low vision user needs control over what visual properties work best for highlighting. These include foreground colors, background colors, and visual borders.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.5.2:
  • A low vision wants to know where the text boxes are on a web form. The user wants to set a thick black border around all text boxes. The user agent provides a dialog box allowing the user to override any author settings.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.5.2:
  • To be written

3.6.1 Configure Text: The user can globally set the following characteristics of visually rendered text content, overriding any specified by the author or user agent defaults (Level A):

• (a) text scale (i.e., the general size of text) ,
• (b) font family, and
• (c) text color (i.e., foreground and background).

3.6.2 Preserve Distinctions: The user has the ability to preserve distinctions in the size of rendered text when that text is rescaled (e.g., headers continue to be larger than body text) within absolute limitations imposed by the platform. (Level A) When rendered text is rescaled, distinctions in the size of rendered text are preserved (e.g., headers continue to be larger than body text). (Level A)

3.6.3 Option Range: The range of options for each text characteristic includes at least (Level A):

• (a) the range offered by global preference settings supported by the operating environment (i.e configured though the Control Panel or System) utility, or
• (b) if no such utility is available, the range supported by the conventional APIs of the operating environment for drawing text.

3.7.1 Global Volume: The user can globally set volume of all audio tracks it renders (including a "mute" setting) through available operating environment mechanisms. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.7.1:
  User agents can render audio tracks from a variety sources, and in some cases, multiple audio tracks may be present on a single page. Users should be able to globally set the volume of audio tracks, rather than having to adjust the volume of each audio track being played.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.7.1:
  • An operating system provides a master audio volume control that applies to all audio tracks rendered within the environment, including the user agent. The user may define a default volume level through a preferences dialog that is retained across sessions.
  • A user encounters a page with two advertisments and one video which begins playback on page load complete. A global mute command, supported via a mute key on the user's keyboard, allows the user to immediately silence the playing audio tracks.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.7.1:
  • To be written

3.7.2 Speech Volume: The user agent allows the user to adjust the volume of all audio tracks it renders, independently or relative to the volume level at the operating environment. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.7.2:
  Users of a screen reader or self voicing browser may encounter content where the presentation volume of an audio track makes it difficult to hear the text-to-speech synthesis of their screen reader or browser. Users should be able to set the individual volume of audio tracks rendered by the user agent, including text-to-speech synthesis, independent of the operating environment's volume settings.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.7.2:
  • A self-voicing user agent provides separate audio volume controls the speech synthesizer and audio tracks rendered from content. The user may define default volume levels through a preferences dialog that is retained across browsing sessions.
  • A user encounters a page a video which begins playback on page load complete. A volume control for rendered audio tracks allows the user to immediately silence the audio track, while leaving their screen reader's text-to-speech synthesizer volume at their preferred level. @@Editors' Note: New examples are needed that are platform specific, @@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.7.2:
  • To be written

3.8.1 Speech Rate and Volume: The user can set both of the following synthesized speech characteristics, overriding any values specified by the author (Level A):

• (a) speech rate and
• (b) speech volume (independently of other sources of audio).

3.8.2 Speech Pitch and Range: The user can set all of the following synthesized speech characteristics, overriding any values specified by the author (Level AA):

• (a) pitch ("pitch" refers to the average frequency of the speaking voice), and
• (b) pitch range ("pitch range" specifies a variation in average frequency),

3.8.3 Advanced Speech Characteristics: The user can set all of the speech characteristics offered by the speech synthesizer, according to the full range of values available, overriding any values specified by the author. (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.8.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.3:
  The objective of these success criteria is to allow the user to customize the specified speech characteristics to settings that allow the user to perceive and understand the audio information.
  
  Users may need to increase the volume to a level within their range of perception for example. Users may also wish to increase the rate of synthesized speech presentation because they can understand it at a rate faster than the default setting of the user agent.
  
  Success criterion 3.8.1 covers the characteristics that users most commonly need to adjust and that are adjustable in most technologies, while success criterion 3.8.2 covers characteristics that are less widely altered and less widely supported.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.8.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.3:
  • A telephone-based web browser starts reading back a web page. The user can press a key to increase the rate at which the information is read back. Similarly, the user may be using this telephone browser in a noisy environment such as a crowded subway. With a key press the user can quickly increase the volume of the speech being heard.
  • @@Editors' Note: Add an example for 3.8.2 @@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.8.1, 3.8.2, 3.8.3:
  • To be written

3.8.4 Speech Features: The following speech features are provided (Level AA):

• (a) user-defined extensions to the synthesized speech dictionary,
• (b) "spell-out", where text is spelled one character at a time, or according to language-dependent pronunciation rules,
• (c) at least two ways of speaking numerals: one where numerals are spoken as individual digits and punctuation (e.g. 'one two zero three point five' for 1203.5 or 'one comma two zero three point five' for 1,203.5), and and one where full number are spoken (e.g. 'one thousand, two hundred and three point five')".
• (d) at least two ways of speaking punctuation: one where punctuation is spoken literally, and one where punctuation is rendered as natural pauses.

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.8.4:
  The synthetic speech presentation of text can be difficult to understand at times. Success criteria here are aimed at giving the user the ability to adjust the way in which the speech synthesizer presents text to improve understandability.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.8.4:
  • The speech synthesizer incorrectly pronounces technical terms employed in the user's organization. These terms are consistently mispronounced in a way that makes it difficult for the audio user to distinguish them, even though they are instantly distinguishable when displayed as text.. A dictionary allows the user to enter a spelling of the name that produces the correct pronunciation from the synthetic speech.
  • A speech synthesizer is repeating a phone number. The user wishes to easily copy this number so switches to a mode where each digit is spoken as a unique word e.g. five, five, five and so on.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.8.4:
  • To be written

3.9.1 Author Style Sheets: If the author has supplied one or more style sheets, the user has the following options (Level A):

• (a) select between the style sheets, or
• (b) turn off the style sheets.

3.9.2 User Style Sheets: If the user has supplied one or more style sheets, the user has the following options (Level A):

• (a) select between the style sheets, or
• (b) turn off the style sheets.

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.9.1 & 3.9.2:
  CSS stylesheets allow for extensive customization of the rendering of web content. Such customization is frequently used to make web content accessible to a wide range of user needs. These success criteria ensure that users of web browsers can fully take advantage of the stylesheets offered by web authors or that the users have created.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.9.1 & 3.9.2:
  • A user finds yellow text on a black background easiest to read. When a web site is loaded, the user agent provides a menu where the user can select between several stylesheets that the web author has created for the web site. The user selects a stylesheet named yellow on black from a menu in the user agent listing all available stylesheets. The web content is then rendered using this stylesheet.
  • On a shared computer a web site is rendered with black text on a white background that is normally in full color. The user agent provides a menu where the user can de-select a user-defined stylesheet has been applied to the web page and the user easily disables this stylesheet. The web site is now rendered in full color.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.9.1 & 3.9.2:
  • CSS 2 Recommendation: cascade weight rules

3.10.1 Highlight Viewport: The viewport with the current focus (including nested viewports and their containers) is highlighted, and the user is able to customize attributes of the highlighted mechanism, including, but not limited to, shape, size, stroke width, color, and blink rate (if any). The viewport with the current focus is highlighted (including any frame that takes current focus) using a highlight mechanism that does not rely on rendered text foreground and background colors alone (e.g., a thick outline). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.1:
  When a user agent presents content using multiple viewports, users benefit from a clear indication of which viewport has focus. Simply relying upon text foreground and background colors to indicate focus may not provide sufficient, visually perceivable indication for users with low vision. Highlighting of viewport frames using both color, with sufficient contrast, and increase in viewport border thickness can provide multiple visual cues that indicate focus.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.1:
  • A music Web site allows the user to select which of the top 10 songs are available for listening. Each song is presented in a graphical viewport providing a music player. Using a keyboard based screen magnification tool, a low vision user tabs between songs, with the currently selected player viewport highlighted with a thick, yellow border against a dark grey background.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.1:
  • To be written

3.10.2 Move Viewport to Selection and Focus: When a viewport's selection or content focus changes, the viewport moves as necessary to ensure that the new selection or content focus location is at least partially in the viewport. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.2:
  When content is presented within a viewport and the content extends horizontally or vertically beyond the visible bounds of the viewport, the user must be able to move to a selectable element or elements which may be out of view, and to have the selected content automatically move into view. For keyboard based users and users of screen magnification tools, this allows users an efficient means to view selected content without having to utilize scrolling controls to locate and view the selection.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.2:
  • A screen magnification user is performing a spell check of a blog posting that is contained within a scrollable viewport. The text of the blog posting exceeds the vertical size of the viewport. The blogging software provides a key to move to the first, and then any subsequent, unrecognized words. With two unrecognized words in the posting, the user ignores the first selected word, and presses the keystroke to move to the next which is currently out of view in the last sentence of the posting. As the key is pressed, the viewport scrolls to show the selected word.
  • A user of a screen reader is showing a sighted colleague how to complete a registration form contained within a viewport. The form exceeds the veritical bounds of the viewport, requiring vertical scrolling to view the complete form content. As the screen reader completes each form entry and presses the tab key, the next form control in the tab order scrolls into view if it is not already visible in the viewport.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.2:
  • To be written

3.10.3 @@Editor's Note: Merged with 3.10.2. Renumber @@Move Viewport to Focus: When a viewport's content focus changes, the viewport moves as necessary to ensure that the new content focus is at least partially in the viewport. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.3:
  When content is presented within a viewport and the content extends horizontally or vertically beyond the visible bounds of the viewport, the user must be able to move to any focusable elements which may be out of view, and to have the element receiving focus automatically move into view. For keyboard based users and users of screen magnification tools, this allows users an efficient means to view a focused element without having to utilize scrolling controls to locate and view the element with focus.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.3:
  • A user of a screen reader is showing a sighted colleague how to complete a registration form contained within a viewport. The form exceeds the veritical bounds of the viewport, requiring vertical scrolling to view the complete form content. As the screen reader completes each form entry and presses the tab key, the next form control in the tab order scrolls into view if it is not already visible in the viewport.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.3:
  • To be written

3.10.4 Resizable: The user has the option to make graphical viewports resizable, within the limits of the display, overriding any values specified by the author. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.4:
  If a graphical viewport contains content that exceeds the dimensions of the viewport, users should have the option to increase the size of the viewport to allow the full image to be displayed without scrolling, within the limits of the physical display screen. This benefits keyboard users who may find it difficult to scroll content and users with cognitive or learning disabilities whose understanding of the content is aided by being able to view the complete image.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.4:
  • A viewport is used to display an image depicting an organization chart. A user with a learning disability has difficulty maintaining a mental representation of the organizational linkages for items out of view. In order to facilitate their understanding of the organization, the user drags the sizing icon on the corners of the viewport to allow the entire chart to be displayed.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.4:
  • To be written

3.10.5 Scrollbars: Graphical viewports include scrollbars if the rendered content (including after user preferences have been applied) extends beyond the viewport dimensions, overriding any values specified by the author. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.5:
  When rendered content exceeds the horizontal or vertical bounds of a graphical viewport, scrollbars provide a visible indication that not all of the rendered content is currently visible within the viewport. The scrollbars provide indication to users who may not be able to otherwise recognize that the rendered content is not fully visible.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.5:
  • A Web site presents a recipe within a viewport, and the length of the recipe exceeds the vertical and horizontal dimension of the viewport, though the step by step graphical depiction of the recipe does not make this obvious. A user following the recipe, uses the scroll bar to recognize that additional steps may be present, and scrolls them into view.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.5:
  • To be written

3.10.6 Viewport History: If the user agent maintains a viewport history mechanism (e.g., via the "back button") that stores previous "viable" states (i.e., that have not been negated by the content, user agent settings or user agent extensions), it maintains information about the point of regard and it restores the saved values when the user returns to a state in the history. (Level A)

3.10.7 Open on Request: The user has the option of having "top-level"viewports (e.g., windows) only open on explicit user request. In this mode, instead of opening a viewport automatically, notify the user and allow the user to open it with an explicit request (e.g., by confirming a prompt or following a link generated by the user agent). (Level AA)

3.10.8 Do Not Take Focus: When configured to allow "top-level" viewports to open without explicit user request, the user has the option that if a "top-level" viewport opens, neither its content focus nor its user interface focus automatically becomes the current focus. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criteria 3.10.6, 3.10.7 & 3.10.8:
  Unexpected focus and viewport changes can be disorienting for all users, requiring time and effort for the user to orient to the change. These success criteria are intended to allow the user to be in control of when viewport changes happen so the user can orient to the changes in a predictable fashion.
• Examples of Success Criteria 3.10.6, 3.10.7 & 3.10.8:
  • A web page is loaded in the browser that triggers a secondary page (typically known as a pop-up) to open. The user agent presents the user with the initial page requested and an alert that additional content is available. The user can choose to have this pop-up content shown or not, remaining in control of what is displayed in the user agent's viewport. A user agent may also be configured so that pop-ups do open automatically because the user has chosen to automatically have this content available. The user has a setting however to configure pop-ups such that they open in the background. Hence when visiting a web page with this secondary content, focus remains in the primary viewport with the initial page content requested. The user agent alerts the user that secondary content is available in another viewport and the user can activate this viewport on request, perhaps with a click on the notification mechanism.
• Related Resources for Success Criteria 3.10.6, 3.10.7 & 3.10.8:
  • To be written

3.10.9 Stay on Top: The user has the option of having the viewport with the current focus remain "on top" of all other viewports with which it overlaps. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.9:
  The purpose of this item is to ensure that the active viewport is always available to the user due to the multiple ways the user may be accessing it. Assistive technology for example keys off of the foreground window to report what is happening to the end user.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.9:
  • The user agent has multiple viewports to convey the status of what is happening. A file download may be in progress with status displayed in one viewport while a web page is being read in a second. The user wants to determine the file download status so switches to the viewport displaying the file download status. The viewport becomes the top most window in the user agent.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.9:
  • To be written

3.10.10 Close Viewport: The user can close any "top-level" viewport. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.10:
  Put the user in control of what viewports the user agent has opened.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.10:
  • A user has multiple viewports open such as from a user agent that supports tabbed browsing and is finished viewing content in one or many of them. The user activates a close button on the viewports that are to be closed and they are closed by the user agent. This reduces distractions from undesired viewports being opened for the user.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.10:
  • To be written

3.10.11 Same UI: The user has the option of having all "top-level" viewports follow the same user interface configuration as the current or spawning viewpor. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.11:
  Users orient themselves to a browsing environment with a variety of techniques. This success criteria is designed to ensure that the user does not have to learn multiple strategies to use the browsing viewport.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.11:
  • An individual using magnification software may know that web content begins one inch from the top of the screen in the user agent and has magnification software configured to present content starting at this location. Offering the ability to have all viewports open with the same user interface means the user can quickly focus on the web content of interest without having to orient to different UI configurations each time a viewport opens.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.11:
  • To be written

3.10.12 Indicate Viewport Position: Indicate the viewport's position relative to rendered content (e.g., the proportion along an audio or video timeline, the proportion of a Web page before the current position ). (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.10.12:
  This criteria targets the ability for a user to easily understand where they are located relative to the total content available for rendering and the amount of content relative to the total being displayed.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.10.12:
  • A user navigates to a lengthy web page and begins paging through the content. A scroll bar visually indicates the position within the content as the user pages and also that with each paging action only a small portion of the content is being rendered. Another user accesses this web page with a screen reader and has the percentage that the page is scrolled communicated by the screen reader because the user agent makes information from the scroll bar available programmatically.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.10.12:
  • To be written

3.11.1 Content Focus: At least one content focus is provided for each viewport (including frames), where enabled elements are part of the rendered content. (Level A)

3.11.2 Current Focus: The user can make the content focus of each viewport the current focus. (Level A)

3.11.3 User Interface Focus: A user interface focus is provided. (Level A)

3.11.4 Extensions Focusable: The user interface focus can navigate within extensions to the user interface. (Level A)

3.11.5 Hand-Off Focus: The user agent programmatically notifies any nested user agent(s) (e.g., plug-ins) when focus moves to them. (Level A)

3.11.6 Retrieve Focus: At any time, the user agent is able to retrieve focus from a nested viewport (including nested viewports that are user agents). (Level A)

3.11.7 Return Focus: Embedded user agents are responsible for notifying embedding user agent that focus should move back to it. (Level A)

3.11.8 Bi-Directional: The user can move the content focus forward or backward to any enabled element in the viewport. (Level A)

3.11.9 Sequential Navigation: If the author has not specified a navigation order, the default is sequential navigation, in document order. (Level A)

3.11.10 Only on User Request: The user has the option of having the content focus of a viewport only change on explicit user request. (Level A)

3.11.11 On Focus: The user has the option of ensuring that moving the content focus to or from an enabled element does not cause the user agent to take any further action. (Level A)

3.12.1 Text View: For content authored in text formats, a view of the text source is provided. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.12.1:
  The source view is the ultimate fallback when the browser cannot properly render some content, or when the user cannot take advantage of the content as rendered or using the mechanisms provided.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.12.1:
  • When the content author failed to provide alt text or longdesc for an image, the user can, as a last resort, try to get some information by examining the source to see the image's URI, class, and similar attributes.
  • When the user wants to create a customized style sheet for a Web site, they need to identify the style, class, and id attributes it uses.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.12.1:
  • To be written

3.12.2 Outline View: An "outline" view of rendered content is provided, composed of labels for important structural elements (e.g., heading text, table titles, form titles, and other labels that are part of the content). (Level AA)

Note: What constitutes a label is defined by each markup language specification. For example, in HTML, a heading (H1-H6) is a label for the section that follows it, a CAPTION is a label for a table, and the title attribute is a label for its element.

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.12.2:
  Outline views can help all users get a simplified view or overview of a document. They are particularly useful for users with memory or cognitive disabilities, as well as users with serial access to content or who navigate sequentially. The outline view is a type of summary view and should reduce orientation time. A navigable outline view will add further benefits for these users.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.12.2:
  • A Web browser provides an optional panel displaying a hierarchical list of the headers and tables in the current document. The user is able to expand or shrink portions of the outline view for faster access to important parts of content.
  • A Web browser provides a command to use CSS display and visibility properties to hide all content other than important structural elements such as titles, headings, and table headings.
  • A Web browser provides a structured view of form controls (e.g., those grouped by LEGEND or OPTGROUP in HTML) along with their labels.
  • Amaya table of contents view @@Insert photo@@
    This image shows the table of contents view provided by Amaya [AMAYA]. This view is coordinated with the main view so that users may navigate in one viewport and the focus follows in the other. An entry in the table of contents with a target icon means that the heading in the document has an associated anchor.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.12.2:
  • This Success Criterion (3.12.2) deals with making document structure perceivable to the user. It is complimentary to Guideline 4.7 which deals with making document structure navigable.

3.12.3 Configure Set of Important Elements: The user has the option to configure the set of important elements for the "outline" view, including by element type (e.g., headers). (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.12.3:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.12.3:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.12.3:
  • To be written

3.13.1 Basic Link Information: The following information is provided for each link (Level A):

• (a) link element content,
• (e) new viewport: whether the author has specified that the resource will open in a new viewport.

3.13.2 Extended Link Information: The following information is provided for each link (Level AAA):

• link title,
• technology type: of the linked Web resource,
• internal/external: whether the link is internal to the resource (e.g., the link is to a target in the same Web page),

4.1.1 Keyboard Operation: All functionality can be operated via the keyboard using sequential or direct keyboard commands that do not require specific timings for individual keystrokes, except where the underlying function requires input that depends on the path of the user's movement and not just the endpoints (e.g., free hand drawing). This does not forbid and should not discourage providing mouse input or other input methods in addition to keyboard operation. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.1:
  A user should be able to navigate, read and use all of the web page or application without needing to use a mouse. Some users do not use a mouse, others can only use a pointing device that uses the keyboard API. Therefore, ensure that the user can interact with enabled components, select content, navigate viewports, configure the user agent, access documentation, install the user agent, and operate user interface controls, all entirely through keyboard input.
  User agents generally support at least three types of keyboard operation:
  • 1. Direct (e.g., keyboard shortcuts such a "F1" to open the help menu; see checkpoint 11.4 for single-key access requirements),
  • 2. Sequential (e.g., navigation through cascading menus), and
  • 3. Spatial (e.g., when the keyboard is used to move the pointing device in two-dimensional visual space to manipulate a bitmap image).
  
  User agents should support direct or sequential keyboard operation for all functionalities. Furthermore, the user agent should satisfy this checkpoint by offering a combination of keyboard-operable user interface controls (e.g., keyboard operable print menus and settings) and direct keyboard shortcuts (e.g., to print the current page).
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.1 :
  • The user must be able to do the following through the keyboard alone (or pointing device alone or voice alone):
    • Select content and operate on it. For example, if the user can select rendered text with the mouse and make it the content of a new link by pushing a button, they also need to be able to do so through the keyboard and other supported devices. Other operations include cut, copy, and paste.
    • Set the focus on viewports and on enabled elements.
    • Install, configure, uninstall, and update the user agent software.
    • Use the graphical user interface menus. Some users may wish to use the graphical user interface even if they cannot use or do not wish to use the pointing device.
    • Fill out forms.
    • Access documentation.
  • An author uses the CSS overflow property to constrain the size of a block of content. The user agent provides scroll bars to display text that overflows the container. The user can use the keyboard to enter the element and operate the scrollbars to visually access the content. The user can return to the main flow of the next element on the page (see SC 4.1.3)
  • The author codes a volume control slider widget. The user can focus on the widget, and using the arrow keys to increase or decrease the volume, and then hit another key to move to the next element in the content.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.1:
  • Microsoft Keyboard accessibility document
  • Apple kuyboard
  • Unix

4.1.2 Keystroke Precedence: The user has the option to specify that keystrokes be processed in the following order: user agent user interface, user agent extensions, content keystroke operations administered by the user agent (e.g., access keys), and executable content (e.g., key press events in scripts, etc.). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.2:
  There are many layers of software that can specify what happens when the user presses a key. For example, the operating system, the user agent interface, the addons or extensions, and author supplied accesskeys or javascript. In addition, the assistive technology the user may be employing will also have assigned key commands. This results in conflicts in order of operations. These conflicts impact user expectations of what will happen when a key is pressed, causing confusion and failure. The most problematic situation is when the author supplied scripting has precedence on the keyboard commands. Therefore, the user needs a preference that a default order: Operating system, user agent interface, addon/extension, accesskeys, javascript.
  
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.2:
  • The author codes a script that makes bananas dance on the screen when the user presses Alt-F. The user expectation is that Alt-F will open a file menu. When the bananas dance instead of opening the file menu, the user is confused or blocked from opening the file menu and has no recourse. Therefore, the user agent provides a preference setting that makes the Alt-F open the file menu. There needs to be a toggle ability, so that the user who wants to make the bananas dance can do so.
    
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.2:
  • To be written

4.1.3 No Keyboard Trap (Minimum): The user agent prevents keyboard traps as follows (Level A):

• (a) in the UI: if keyboard focus can be moved to a component using the keyboard, then focus can be moved away from that component using standard sequential keyboard commands (e.g., TAB key)
• (b) in the rendered content: provides a documented direct keyboard command that will always restore keyboard focus to a known location (e.g., the address bar).
• (c) in the rendered content: provides a documented direct keyboard command that will always move keyboard focus to a subsequent focusable element

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.3:
  Intent: If the user can put focus on an element, that they can remove focus and move on to the next element. This is often a problem with embedded objects. The user agent needs to provide a way to always return to the previous or next element in the content, or a known location, such as the address bar. The user agent also needs to be able to take control back from the embedded object, no matter what it is.
  
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.3:
  1. The user can press tab to put focus on an embedded object and can press shift-tab to move focus to the previous object and tab to move focus to the next object.
  2. The user has moved the focus to a toolbar extension that does not relinquish control back to the user agent. The user can press Alt-D to move focus to the address bar.
  3. The user has moved the focus to an embedded scripted application that was poorly programmed. the user can press alt-N (or any documented key combination) that overrides the scripting and moves the focus to the next element in the content.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.3:
  • Compound documents
  • Other SC in UAAG.

4.1.4 Separate Selection from Activation: The user has the option to have selection separate from activation (e.g., navigating through a set of radio buttons without changing which is the active/selected option). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.4:
  This is a repair function for when an author violates WCAG, but the user still needs to be able to read a page without necessarily activating any controls.
  
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.4:
  • when a user opens a drop down menu from the keyboard, they must be able to use the arrow keys to move up and down the list, without triggering an action from the items they are moving past.
  • A list of radio buttons where putting the focus on the radio button to read it causes the radio button to be selected. The user should be able to arrow or tab through the list of radio buttons without causing any one to be selected. Selection is a separate discrete operation like spacebar. This overrides any author provided scripting behavior.
    
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.4:
  • ARIA
  • WCAG

4.1.5 Standard Text Area Navigation Conventions: Views that render text support the standard text area conventions for the operating environment, including, but not necessarily limited to: character keys, backspace/delete, insert, "arrow" key navigation (e.g., "caret" browsing), page up/page down, navigate to start/end, navigate by paragraph, shift-to-select mechanism, etc. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.5:
  Providing a full set of keyboard inputs allows users to efficiently--or at all--perform necessary tasks. Making these inputs consistent within and across programs greatly reduces learning curve, cognitive load, and errors.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.5:
  • Directional keys, letter keys, and the Enter key function should allow navigation within and activation of drop-down menus.
  • Ctrl+C or Command+C should copy selected text to the clipboard, allowing the user to avoid manually retyping, and possibly needing to memorize, large amounts of data.
    @@ Ed Note: comment - what happens when things are not consistent. closing dialog boxes are inconsistent ESC or ALT-F4, might be text area keyboard conventions/controls, not just navigation. @@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.5:
  • To be written

4.1.6 Present Direct Commands in Rendered Content: The user has the option to have any recognized direct commands (e.g. accesskey) in rendered content be presented with their associated elements (e.g. "[Ctrl+t]" displayed after a link whose accesskey value is "t", or an audio browser reading the value or label of a form control followed by "accesskey control plus t"). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.6:
  Make it easy to for users to discover or be reminded of keyboard shortcuts and similar commands without leaving the context in which they're working. Easy keyboard access is especially important for people who cannot easily use a mouse.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.6:
  • "[Ctrl+t]" displayed after a link whose accesskey value is "t".
  • An audio browser reading the value or label of a form control followed by "accesskey control plus t").
  • Mnemonic letters in menu titles are shown with an underline. @@Ed Note: comment - applicable shortcut indicated or otherwise highlighted@@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.6:
  • To be written

4.1.7 Present Direct Commands in User Interface: The user has the option to have any direct commands (e.g. keyboard shortcuts) in the user agent user interface be presented with their associated user interface controls (e.g. "Ctrl+S" displayed on the "Save" menu item and toolbar button). (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.7:
  For many users, including those who use the keyboard or and input method such as speech, the keyboard is often a primary method of user agent control. It is inportant that direct keyboard commands assigned to user agent functionality be discoverable as the user is exploring the user agent.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.7:
  • The speech input user who sees a button on a toolbar needs to be able to determine that ctrl+p is the keyboard equivalent for activating the print button. If such key assignments are not displayed as part of the user interface by default, a user agent should have an option to alter UI display to include all direct hotkey assignments visually as part of the controls the hotkeys activate.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.7:
  • To be written

4.1.8 Keyboard Navigation: The user can use the keyboard to navigate from group to group of focusable items and to traverse forwards and backwards all of the focusable elements within each group. Groups include, but are not limited to, toolbars, panels, and user agent extensions. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.8:
  Let the user navigate between sections without having to sequentially navigate through everything in every section. Efficient keyboard navigation is especially important for people who cannot easily use a mouse.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.8:
  • Ctrl+Tab moves the focus to the first navigable item in the next frame.
  • The Tab key moves the focus to or away from a group of radio buttons, and then directional keys move between buttons within that group.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.8:
  • To be written

4.1.9 Important Command Functions: Important command functions (e.g. related to navigation, display, content, information management, etc.) are available using a single or sequence of keystrokes or key combinations. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.9:
  Let the user access commonly used functions as efficiently as possible. Efficient keyboard navigation is especially important for people who cannot easily use a mouse.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.9:
  • The user can open a document by pressing Ctrl+O or Command+O.
  • The user can temporarily enlarge the rendered content by pressing Ctrl+Plus, rather than having to invoke a menu, choose a command to display a dialog box, select a tab, etc.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.9:
  • Links to 1.1. Comply with applicable specifications and conventions

4.1.10 Override of UI Keyboard Commands: The user can override any keyboard shortcut binding for the user agent user interface except for conventional bindings for the operating environment (e.g., for access to help). The rebinding options must include single-key and key-plus-modifier keys if available in the operating environment. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.10:
  Users need to be in control of how they interact with the user agent. Assistive technology and physical keyboard input needs mean that certain keyboard combinations are easier for a user to enter.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.10:
  • Ctrl+f may be a command in a screen reader to read the itemm with focus and this is also typically a user agent find command. The user agent should allow the user to reassign the find command to a non-conflicting key binding. To allow this level of user control, the user agent could provide a list of user interface features and default keyboard assignments with options for the user to assign new key combinations. User keyboard customizations should be saved similar to other user preferences by the user agent.
  • @@Ed note@@ another example - one handed keyboardist needs to map all keys to the left side of the keyboard
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.10:
  • To be written

4.1.11 User Override of Accesskeys: The user can override any recognized author supplied content keybinding (i.e. access key). The user must have an option to save the override of user interface keyboard shortcuts so that the rebinding persists beyond the current session. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.11
  Content authors may utilize the Accesskey attribute to define short cut keys which allow quick access to specific elements, actions, or parts of their Web content. The author-selected short cuts may utilize keystrokes that are unique to their site, differing from conventions used, and or familiar, to users of other similar sites, or sites offering similar functionality. Users of assistive technologies who rely upon keyboard input may wish to have a consistent mapping of shortcut keys to similar, or common actions or functions across the sites they visit.
  
  User agents should allow users to define a preferred key combination for specific instances of author defined accesskeys. The user should have the option to make any defined override to be persistent across browsing sessions.
  
  User agents may also offer the user the option to automatically apply preferred key combinations for content which has author supplied accesskey bindings, based upon the associated text, label, or ARIA role, and which override any author specified keybinding for that page content.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.11:
  • A speech recognition user has defined standard commands to access commonly used parts of a Web site. For example, speaking the the command "site search" will take the user to a Web site's search function. A site author may assign an access key to set focus to the search input field, basing the accesskey on the first letter of the search engine used (e.g., G for Google or B for Bing, rather than the mnemonic S for search). The speech user has specified an override key mapping of S, which is consistent with the keystroke issued by the speech recognizer they are using.
  • A mobile device user, whose primary keyboard interface is their phone's numeric keypad, maps common Web site actions to numeric shortcut keys. For example, the user prefers to have the 1 key to activate a site's "skip to content" function. An author of a site visited daily by this user defines "S" as the accesskey for the skip to content function. The user overrides the author defined accesskey of "S" with "1".
  • @@Ed Note: comment - good place to add i18n example, accesskey - o umlaut, but not on local keyboard@@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.11:
  • To be written

4.1.12 Specify preferred keystrokes: The user can override any keyboard shortcut including recognized author supplied shortcuts (e.g accesskeys) and user interface controls, except for conventional bindings for the operating environment (e.g., for access to help). (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.1.12
  N/A
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.1.12:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.1.12:
  • To be written

4.2.1 List event handlers: The user can, through keyboard input alone, have presented the list of input device event handlers explicitly associated with the content focus element. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.2.1:
  Users interacting with a web browser may be doing so by voice, keyboard, mouse or another input technology or a combination of any of these. No matter how the user is controlling the user agent, he or she need to know all the input methods assigned to a particular piece of content.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.2.1:
  • A user may tab to a link that has a flyout menu that appears OnMouseOver. The User agent needs to notify the user of this menu so he or she can know the menu is available. Other success criteria ensure the keyboard user here can interact with this menu.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.2.1:
  • To be written

4.2.2 Activate any event handler: The user can, through keyboard input alone, activate any input device event handlers explicitly associated with the content focus element. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.2.2:
  Although it should not do so, some Web content is designed to work only with certain input devices, such as a mouse, and make functionality available only through event handlers for those devices. Some users interacting with a web browser may be doing so by voice, keyboard, mouse or another input technology or a combination of any of these. No matter how the user is controlling the user agent, he or she must be able to activate any of the event handlers regardless of the interaction technology being used.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.2.2 :
  • A user who cannot use a mouse needs to activate a flyout menu that normally appears OnMouseOver. The user should be able to navigate to a link and activate it using keyboard shortcuts.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.2.2:
  • To be written

4.2.3 Activate all event handlers: The user can, through keyboard input alone, simultaneously activate all input device event handlers explicitly associated with the content focus element. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.2.3:
  One input method should not hold back another. People who don't use a mouse shouldn't necessarily have to map their imput methods to the same steps a mouse user would take.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.2.3:
  • Speech input users may combine moving the mouse up, left and clicking in a single command phrase.
  • A link has an onmousedown and an onmouseup event link. The keyboard user can use 1 key click to activate both events.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.2.3:
  • To be written

4.3.1 Timing Adjustable: Where time limits for user input are recognized and controllable by the user agent, an option is provided to extend the time limit. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.3.1:
  Users of assistive technology, such as screen readers, and those who may require more time to read or understand and act upon content (e.g., individuals with reading disabilities or non-native readers of the presented language) should be able to extend or override any content/author imposed presentation / interaction time limits.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.3.1:
  • News Alerts: A news organizations Web site has a region of the home page which presents featured stories, cycled every 3 seconds. A user with low vision, using a screen magnifier, requires more than three seconds to read the news item and select it. The user agent provides the user with a global option to freeze all timed events using a keyboard command. Another keyboard command resumes the timed presentation.
  • Session Inactivity Timeouts: A screen reader user is logged into a financial services Web site and is reading the site's detailed privacy policy. Because of security policy, the site will terminate the session of any user who has been inactive for 5 minutes. A prompt will appear warning of the impending log off without further action. This user is able to select an option in her non-visual user agent that automatically responds to those prompts if the user agent is currently reading the content.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.3.1:
  • To be written

4.4.1 Three Flashes or Below Threshold: In its default configuration, the user agent does not display any user interface components or recognized content that flashes more than three times in any one second period, unless the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.4.1:
  The intent of this Success Criterion is to guard against inducing seizures due to photosensitivity, which can occur when there is a rapid series of general flashing, or red flash. A potentially harmful flash occurs when there is a pair of significantly opposing changes in luminance, or irrespective of luminance, a transition to or from a saturated red occurs.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.4.1:
  • A single, double, or triple flash -- as long as it does not include changes to or from a saturated red -- may be used to attract a user's attention, or as part of an interface animation.
  • An error condition is indicated by flashing that continues until acknowledged by the user. In order to avoid triggering seizures, the flashing is limited to fewer than three times per second, and, to be extra cautious, it is not red.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.4.1:
  • ITC Guidance Note for Licensees on Flashing Images and Regular Patterns in Television: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv/ifi/guidance/legacy/vrs_code_notes/flsh_imgs/gn_flash.pdf

4.4.2 Three Flashes: In its default configuration, the user agent does not display any user interface components or recognized content that flashes more than three times in any one second period (regardless of whether not the flash is below the general flash and red flash thresholds). (Level AAA) [WCAG 2.0]

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.4.2:
  
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.4.2:
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.4.2:

4.5.1 Change Preference Settings The user has the option to change settings that impact accessibility. (Level A)

4.5.2 Persistent Accessibility Settings: User agent accessibility preference settings persist between sessions. (Level A)

4.5.3 Multiple Sets of Preference Settings: The user can save and retrieve multiple sets of user agent preference settings. (Level AA)

4.5.4 Portable Preference Settings:The user can transfer preference settings across locations onto a compatible system. (Level AAA)

4.5.5 Preferences Wizard: A wizard helps the user to configure (at least) the accessibility-related user agent preferences. (Level AAA)

4.5.6 Restore all to default. The user can restore all preference settings to their default values. (Level A)

4.5.7 Restore related preferences to default. The user can restore groups of related preference settings to their default values (e.g. reset keyboard shortcuts, reset colors and sizes of rendered content, etc.). (Level AA)

4.5.8 Change preference setting outside the UI: The user can adjust preference settings from outside the user agent user interface. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.5:
  Users who rely on accessibility settings do so for multiple reasons and may want to adjust software settings in many differing fashions. It is key to allow software settings that impact accessibility to be configured to meet these differing needs. The easier such settings are to discover, the more rapidly the user looking for such settings can tailor the software to suit his or her needs. Saving such configuration changes between browsing sessions allows the software to work the way the user wants each time the application is used.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.5:
  • A user who relies on larger text sizes when browsing web pages, locates a text adjustment setting in a browser's menus. The user sets the text size to the size that makes web content readable. .
  • A user locates a control in a web browser called options. Activating this control leads to a series of tabs for adjusting multiple browser settings. One tab is listed as accessibility and has settings such as text size, use custom style sheet, display alternative text in place of images, enable caret browsing and other settings determined to be of benefit to users with disabilities.
  • A user is exploring settings for a web browser and locates an option called accessibility. The user is then guided through a series of questions asking about how he or she prefers to use software. Questions such as color preference, text size, ability to view images, the need for captions on videos and such are asked. When the user completes these questions, appropriate browser options are configured and stored.
  • A user who has configured accessibility settings in a browser needs to use that application in the same browser on another computer. The browser allows the user to transfer such settings from one computer to another, saving the need to reconfigure the second machine.
  • @@Ed Note: add another example of persistence@@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.5:
  • SCORM (Jutta's work)

4.6.1 Find:The user can perform a search within rendered content (e.g., not hidden with a style), including text alternatives, for any sequence of characters from the document character set set. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.6.1:
  To provide a function that allows the user to easily locate desired information in rendered or alternative text. Give the option of searching the alternative content. In the case of an embedded user agent, (e.g. media player), the embedded user agent provides the search for its content. @@Ed Note: Is this even necessary? Who does the search in an embedded video player?"@@
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.6.1:
  • A user wants to locate a text string in a long document. The user agent provides a mechanism for entering the desired text string, such as a text box with a search button.
  • A user wants to search for text in all views of the document, including views of the text source (source view)
  • A user wants to search the element content of form elements (where applicable) and any label text.
  • @@searching video captions??@@
  • @@Searching embedded SVG?@@
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.6.1:
  • WCAG
  • 4.6.2,3,4,5

4.6.2 Find Direction: The user has the option of searching forward or backward from the focused location in content. The user will be notified of changes in search direction; and when the search reaches the upper or lower extent of the content based on the search direction. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.6.2:
  Searching in any direction from the current point of focus allows for maximum flexibility in allowing the user to easily locate the text used in the search. Users for who reading is difficult can greatly reduce the amount of reading required to find the information needed. Searching improves navigation efficiency which is especially important for people with dexterity issues where every keystroke can be time consuming, tiring or painful. It is recommended that the user also has the ability to search forward or backward within any selected content. @@needs some explanation. how to keep searching within the selected content
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.6.2:
  • A user has been reading through a web page and wants to quickly locate a phrase previously read. When opening the browser's page search feature, the user has options to search forward and backward from the current location. If the search reaches an endpoint in the document, the user is notified that the search has wrapped around, such as with an alert box or other indication.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.6.2:
  • To be written

4.6.3 Match Found: When there is a match, the user is alerted and the viewport moves so that the matched text content is at least partially within it. The user can search for the next instance of the text from the location of the match.

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.6.3:
  If the caret has been moved, from its new location. (Level A)
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.6.3:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.6.3:
  • To be written

4.6.4 Alert on No Match: The user is notified when there is no match or after the last match in content (i.e., prior to starting the search over from the beginning of content). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.6.4:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.6.4:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.6.4:
  • To be written

4.6.5 Advanced Find: The user agent provides an accessible advanced search facility, with a case sensitive and case-insensitive search option, and the ability for the user to perform a search within all content (including hidden content and captioning) for text and text alternatives, for any sequence of characters from the document character set. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.6.5:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.6.5:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.6.5:
  • To be written

4.7.1 Structured Navigation: Forward and backward sequential navigation over important (structural) elements in rendered content is provided. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.1:
  Let the user use the keyboard to navigate forwards and backwards through elements that they are likely to be interested in interacting with. These elements must include, but are not limited to, enabled links and controls. This allows the user to jump between elements without having to navigate through intervening content such as blocks of text. Efficient keyboard navigation is especially important for people who cannot easily use a mouse.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.1:
  • The user can press the Tab key to move the focus to the next link or control in the page, or press Shift+Tab to move in the reverse order.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.1:
  • See 4.1.4 for discussion of letting the user configure the list of important elements to suit their task.

4.7.2 Direct navigation: direct movement to important (structural and operable) elements in rendered content is provided. (Level A).

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.2:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.2:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.2:
  • To be written

4.7.y 3.3.1 Access Relationships: Provide access to explicitly-defined relationships based on the user's position in content (e.g., show form control's label, show label's form control, show a cell's table headers, etc.). (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.y 3.3.1:
  postponed for more information about the intent of this SC. Is it about providing flyover information? Or is it out of place and really belongs in Principle 2?
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.y 3.3.1:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.y 3.3.1:
  • also see Success Criteria 4.7.x Location in Hierarchy

4.7.x 3.3.2 Location in Hierarchy: The user can view the path of nodes leading from the root of any content hierarchy in which the structure and semantics are implied by presentation, as opposed to an explicit logical structure with defined semantics (such as the HTML5 Canvas Element), or as a consequence of decentralized-extensibility (such as the HTML5 item / itemprop microdtata elements), and only if the user agent keeps an internal model of the hierarchy which it does not expose via the DOM or some other accessibility mechanism. (Level A).

For content in a hierarchy (e.g., tree node, nested frame), the user can view the path of nodes leading from the root to the content. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.x 3.3.2:
  Knowing where you are in a hierarchy makes it easier to understand and navigate information. Users who are perceiving the data linearly (such as audio speech synthesis) do not receive visual cues of the hierarchical information. Efficient navigation of hierarchical information reduces keystrokes for people for whom keypress is time-consuming, tiring, or painful. For people with some cognitive disabilities, providing the clear hierarchy reduces cognitive effort and provides organization.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.x 3.3.2:
  • A media player provides a hierarchical display of playlists, albums, artists and songs, etc. When the user selects an individual item, a breadcrumb of the categories is displayed, can be navigated and is available programatically.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.x 3.3.2:
  • To be written

Editors' Note: Success Criteria from 3.3 have been moved to 4.9. SC 3.3.3 has been moved to 5.1

3.3.3 Retrieval Progress: Show the progress of content retrieval. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 3.3.3:
  Users need to know that their actions are producing results even if there is a time delay. Users who cannot see visual indications need to have feedback indicating a time delay and have an idea of where they are in the retrieval process. This reduces errors and unnecessary duplicate actions.
• Examples of Success Criterion 3.3.3:
  • The user has clicked on a link that is downloading a large file. The user agent displays a programmatically available progress bar. If the progress stops, the user agent displays a message that it has timed out.
  • The user has entered data in a form and is waiting for a response from the server. If the response hasn't been received in 5 seconds, the user agent displays a programmatically available message that it is waiting for a response. If the process times out, the user agent displays a message that it has timed out.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 3.3.3:
  • To be written

4.7.3 Direct activation: direct movement to and activation of any operable elements in rendered content is provided. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.3:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.3:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.3:
  • To be written

4.7.4 Configure Set of Important Elements: The user has the option to configure the set of important elements for structured navigation, including by element type (e.g., headers, list items, images). (Level AAA) @@Editor's note: Review the definition of "important elements" @@

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.4:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.4:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.4:
  • To be written

4.7.5 Discover navigation and activation keystrokes: Direct navigation and activation keystrokes are discoverable both programmatically and via perceivable labels. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.7.5:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.7.5:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.7.5:
  • To be written

4.7.2OLD @@Editor's note: Review the definition of "important elements" @@

Note: For example, allow the user to navigate only paragraphs, or only headings and paragraphs, or to suppress and restore navigation bars, or to navigate within and among tables and table cells

4.8.1 Configure Position: For graphical user agent user interfaces with toolbars, the user can add, remove and configure the position of user agent user interface controls on those toolbars from a pre-defined set of controls. (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.8.1:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.8.1:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.8.1:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.8.2 Restore Default Toolbars: The user can restore the default toolbar configuration. (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.8.2:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.8.2:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.8.2:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.1 Background Image Toggle: The user has the global option to hide/show background images. (Level A)

4.9.2 Time-Based Media Load-Only: The user has the option to load time-based media content @@DEFINE@@ such that the first frame is displayed (if video), but the content is not played until explicit user request. (Level A)

4.9.3 Execution Placeholder: The user has the option to render a placeholder instead of executable content that would normally be contained within an on-screen area (e.g., Applet, Flash), until explicit user request to execute. (Level A)

4.9.4 Execution Toggle: The user has the option to turn on/off the execution of executable content that would not normally be contained within a particular area (e.g., Javascript). (Level A)

4.9.5 Playback Rate Adjustment for Prerecorded Content: The user can adjust the playback rate of prerecorded time-based media content, such that all of the following are true (Level A):

• The user can adjust the playback rate of the time-based media tracks to between 50% and 250% of real time.
• Speech whose playback rate has been adjusted by the user maintains pitch in order to limit degradation of the speech quality.
• Audio and video tracks remain synchronized across this required range of playback rates.
• The user agent provides a function that resets the playback rate to normal (100%).

4.9.6 Stop/Pause/Resume Multimedia: The user can stop, pause, and resume rendered audio and animation content (including video and animated images) that last three or more seconds at their default playback rate. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.6:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.6:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.6:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.6 Navigate Multimedia:The user can navigate along the timebase using a continuous scale, and by relative time units within rendered audio and animations (including video and animated images) that last three or more seconds at their default playback rate. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.6:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.6:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.6:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.7 Semantic Navigation of Time-Based Media. The user can navigate by semantic structure within the time-based media, such as by chapters or scenes, if present in the media (AA).

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.7:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.7:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.7:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.8 Track Enable/Disable of Time-Based Media. During time-based media playback, the user can determine which tracks are available and select or deselect tracks. These selections may override global default settings for captions, audio descriptions, etc.

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.8:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.8:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.8:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.9 Sizing Playback Viewport: User has the ability to adjust the size of the time-based media up to the full height or width of the containing viewport, with the ability to preserve aspect ratio and to adjust the size of the playback viewport to avoid cropping, within the scaling limitations imposed by the media itself. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.9:
  User needs video larger but still needs access to other application (take notes during playback), fullscreen does not allow that. Content should reflow as user adjusts playback viewport.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.9:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.9:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.10 Scale and position alternative media tracks. User has ability to scale and position alternative media tracks independent of base video. (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.10:
  Text scaling - default setting should apply, UA should allow separate control of the caption tracks. User needs larger captions. Snap captions outside of video, change text size and caption viewport size/position. User need to reposition and make the sign language track larger.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.10:
  • To be written University of Toronto had working examples 10 years ago. Geoff Freed and Larry Goldberg session at CSUN 2 years ago showed many examples caption in different locations, but not the user could disconnect and move where needed.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.10:
  • WAI-ARIA

4.9.1113 Adjust Playback Contrast and Brightness. User has ability to control the contrast and brightness of the content within the playback viewport.

• Intent of Success Criterion 4.9.11:
  Text scaling - default setting should apply, UA should allow separate control of the caption tracks. User needs larger captions. Snap captions outside of video, change text size and caption viewport size/position. User need to reposition and make the sign language track larger.
• Examples of Success Criterion 4.9.11:
  • To be written
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 4.9.11:
  • WAI-ARIA

5.1.1 Option to Ignore: The user has the option to turn off rendering of non-essential or low priority text messages or updating/changing information in the content based on priority properties defined by the author (e.g., ignoring updating content marked "polite" ). (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.1.1:
  Messages designed to inform the user can be a burden to users for whom keypress is time-consuming, tiring, or painful. It's important that these users be able to avoid unnecessary messages.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.1.1:
  • The browser has an update ready. The user should have the option to be informed of an update or, instead, only get update information when the user actively requests it.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.1.1:
  • WAI-ARIA

5.1.2 3.3.3 Retrieval Progress: Show the progress of content retrieval. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.1.2 3.3.3:
  Users need to know that their actions are producing results even if there is a time delay. Users who cannot see visual indications need to have feedback indicating a time delay and have an idea of where they are in the retrieval process. This reduces errors and unnecessary duplicate actions.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.1.2 3.3.3:
  • The user has clicked on a link that is downloading a large file. The user agent displays a programmatically available progress bar. If the progress stops, the user agent displays a message that it has timed out.
  • The user has entered data in a form and is waiting for a response from the server. If the response hasn't been received in 5 seconds, the user agent displays a programmatically available message that it is waiting for a response. If the process times out, the user agent displays a message that it has timed out.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.1.2 3.3.3:
  • To be written

5.2.1 Form Submission: The user has the ability to redefine keyboard shortcuts for submitting and canceling recognized forms. The user has the ability to set a global option disable any form submission made by a control that is not the submit control (e.g. forms that submit when Enter is pressed). (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.2.1:
  Users need to be protected against accidently submitting a form. Some assistive technologies use the Enter key to advance to the next field. If the form is designed to submit on Enter, the user can unknowingly submit the form. Those users need to be able to disable the ability to submit on Enter.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.2.1:
  • Upon installation of a web browser, a screenreader user selects an option to disable form submission on Enter. This is a preference option that can be easily discovered and changed by the user in the future. This allows the user to complete forms from the banking website knowing that the submit button must be selected in order to submit the form.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.2.1:
  • To be written

5.3.1 Accessible documentation: The product documentation is available in a format that conforms to WCAG 2.0 Level "A" or greater.

Accessible Format: At least one version of the documentation is either (Level A):

• (a) "A" accessible: Web content and conforms to WCAG 2.0 Level "A" (although it is not necessary for the documentation to be delivered on-line), or,
• (b) accessible platform format: not Web content and conforms to a published accessibility benchmark that is identified in the conformance claim (e.g., when platform-specific documentation systems are used).

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.3.1:
  User agents will provide documentation in a format that is accessible. If provided as Web content, it must conform to WCAG 2.0 Level "A" and if not provided as Web content, it must be in conformance to a published accessibility benchmark and identified in any conformance claim for the user agent. This benefits all users who utilize assistive technology or accessible formats.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.3.1:
  • A user agent installs user documentation in HTML format conforming to WCAG 2.0 Level "A". This documentation is viewed within the user agent and is accessible in accordance with the conformance of the user agent to UAAG 2.0.
  • A user agent provides documentation in HTML format conforming to WCAG 2.0 Level "AA" and is available online. In addition, the user agent provides user documentation in a locally installed digital talking book content format in conformance with a recognized, published format.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.3.1:
  • To be written

5.3.2 Document Accessibility Features: All user agent features that benefit accessibility @@DEFINE - as specified in the conformance claim@@ are documented. (Level A)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.3.2:
  User agent documentation that includes listings and descriptions of features supporting or benefitting accessibility permits users to have access to a description of accessibility and compatibility features. This benefits all users with disabilities who may require assistance in identifying which accessibility features may be present or how to configure those features to work with assistive technology.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.3.2:
  • In a section entitled "Browser Features Supporting Accessibility", a vendor provides a detailed description of user agent features which provide accessibility, describing how they function, and listing any supported third party assistive technologies that may be supported or required.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.3.2:
  • To be written

5.3.3 Changes Between Versions: Changes to features that affect accessibility since the previous version of the user agent are documented. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.3.3:
  As accessessibility features are implemented in new versions it is important for users to be able to be informed about these new features and how to operate them. The user should not have to discover which new features were implemented in the new version.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.3.3:
  • Sample text: "In this version, we added the ability to display tooltips on elements with a title attribute when using the keyboard. With caret browsing turned on simply arrowing onto an element with a title the tooltip will remain visible while the caret is within the element."
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.3.3:
  • N/A

5.3.4 Centralized View: There is a centralized view of all features of the user agent that benefit accessibility, in a dedicated section of the documentation. (Level AA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.3.4:
  Specific accessibility features are important for users to know about and how to operate. The user should not have to discover where the accessibility features are documented in context (although that too is very useful). A specific section devoted to only accessibililty features (eg. keyboard shortcuts, how to zoom the viewport, where to find accessibility configuration settings), would make it easier for user to become more functional more quickly with the user agent.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.3.4:
  • A specific section in the documentation (local or online) detailing accessibility features of the user agent.[@@ Editor's Note: what about accessibility features of plugins, extensions, etc. they are not user agents by them selves. how do user find out about accessibility features if any in the extension?@@]
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.3.4:
  • N/A

5.3.5 Context Sensitive Help: There is context-sensitive help on all user agent features that benefit accessibility. (Level AAA)

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.3.5:
  The purpose of this criteria is to help maximize the discovery of user agent features that benefit accessibility.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.3.5:
  • A user is exploring the menus of a user agent and finds a feature named Use My Style Sheet. Activating help the user quickly learns that this feature allows custom CSS stylesheets to be created to help make web content more accessible.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.3.5:
  • N/A

5.3.6 Appropriate Language If characteristics of your user agent involve producing an end user experience such as speech, you need to react appropriately to language changes.

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.3.6:
  The goal of this criteria is to ensure that user agents present spoken web content with in the language appropriate to the content as indicated by the lang attribute. Authors use this tag to indicate the language of content.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.3.6:
  • A user agent has a feature to read web pages verbally using synthetic speech. A user is browsing a web site devoted to language translation. As the browser is speaking the content of the page, the synthetic speech switches to the language of the content, using appropriate pronunciation and related characteristic's for the language.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.3.6:
  • N/A

5.4 The user agent must behave in a predictable fashion.

5.4.1 Control default focus: A user agent provides a mechanism for setting global configuration of whether web pages can set default focus.

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.4.1:
  Users need to know that navigation in a web page is going to start in a predictable location. While we recognize that it may be desirable for accessibility to set focus to specific link on a page other than the first link, the user needs to be in control of this feature.
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.4.1:
  • Example: the page has a default focus to search box, the user has to take additional scrolling to get to the content that was not in the search box. The user may want to set their page so it starts at the first link, not the search box.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.4.1:
  • NA

5.4.2 Unpredictable focus: Don't move the focus without telling the user. Provide a global option to block uninitiated focus changes.

• Intent of Success Criterion 5.4.2:
  Not yet drafted
• Examples of Success Criterion 5.4.2:
  • A speech user issues a command to execute at a specific location, and the focus changes without the user's control, so the command fails or executes with unpredictable results.
  • Moving the focus in an form, where the field advances without the user hitting tab, and the user hits tab (telephone number fields) so that the focus moves to the next field. It can give an error message that the skipped field is left blank.
• Related Resources for Success Criterion 5.4.2:
  • UAAG 2.0 3.10.8 Don't Move Focus

Missing: Greater ease in interpreting security messaging. Should be cross-referenced with the security working group.