W3C

XML Schema 1.1 Part 1: Structures

W3C Working Draft 31 August 2006

This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema11-1/
Previous versions:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060330/ http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-xmlschema11-1-20050224/ http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-xmlschema11-1-20040716/
Editors:
Henry S. Thompson, University of Edinburgh <ht@inf.ed.ac.uk>
C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, World Wide Web Consortium <cmsmcq@w3.org>
Shudi (Sandy) Gao 高殊镝, IBM <sandygao@ca.ibm.com>
Noah Mendelsohn, IBM <noah_mendelsohn@us.ibm.com>
David Beech, Oracle Corporation (retired) <davidbeech@earthlink.net>
Murray Maloney, Muzmo Communications <murray@muzmo.com>

This document is also available in these non-normative formats: XML, XHTML with changes since version 1.0 marked, XHTML with changes since previous Working Draft marked, Independent copy of the schema for schema documents, Independent copy of the DTD for schema documents, Independent tabulation of components and microcomponents, and List of translations.


Abstract

XML Schema: Structures specifies the XML Schema definition language, which offers facilities for describing the structure and constraining the contents of XML documents, including those which exploit the XML Namespace facility. The schema language, which is itself represented in XML and uses namespaces, substantially reconstructs and considerably extends the capabilities found in XML document type definitions (DTDs). This specification depends on XML Schema 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes.

Status of this Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This is a Public Working Draft of XML Schema 1.1. It is here made available for review by W3C members and the public. It is intended to give an indication of the W3C XML Schema Working Group's intentions for this new version of the XML Schema language and our progress in achieving them. It attempts to be complete in indicating what will change from version 1.0, but does not specify in all cases how things will change.

This draft was published on 31 August 2006. The major changes since the previous draft are:

For those primarily interested in the changes since version 1.0, the Changes since version 1.0 (§G) appendix, which summarizes both changes already made and also those in prospect, with links to the relevant sections of this draft, is the recommended starting point. Accompanying versions of this document display in color all changes to normative text since version 1.0 and since the previous Working Draft.

Please send comments on this Working Draft to www-xml-schema-comments@w3.org (archive).

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Although feedback based on any aspect of this specification is welcome, there are certain aspects of the design presented herein for which the Working Group is particularly interested in feedback. These are designated "priority feedback" aspects of the design, and identified as such in editorial notes at appropriate points in this draft.

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Publication as a Working Draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document has been produced by the W3C XML Schema Working Group as part of the W3C XML Activity. The goals of the XML Schema language version 1.1 are discussed in the Requirements for XML Schema 1.1 document. The authors of this document are the members of the XML Schema Working Group. Different parts of this specification have different editors.

This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy. W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy.

The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Information about translations of this document is available at http://www.w3.org/2003/03/Translations/byTechnology?technology=xmlschema.

Text in this document which does not now have Working Group consensus is marked: ||this way||.


Table of Contents

1 Introduction
    1.1 Introduction to Version 1.1
    1.2 Purpose
    1.3 Dependencies on Other Specifications
    1.4 Documentation Conventions and Terminology
2 Conceptual Framework
    2.1 Overview of XML Schema
    2.2 XML Schema Abstract Data Model
    2.3 Constraints and Validation Rules
    2.4 Conformance
    2.5 Names and Symbol Spaces
    2.6 Schema-Related Markup in Documents Being Validated
    2.7 Representation of Schemas on the World Wide Web
3 Schema Component Details
    3.1 Introduction
    3.2 Attribute Declarations
    3.3 Element Declarations
    3.4 Complex Type Definitions
    3.5 AttributeUses
    3.6 Attribute Group Definitions
    3.7 Model Group Definitions
    3.8 Model Groups
    3.9 Particles
    3.10 Wildcards
    3.11 Identity-constraint Definitions
    3.12 Assertions
    3.13 Notation Declarations
    3.14 Annotations
    3.15 Simple Type Definitions
    3.16 Schemas as a Whole
4 Schemas and Namespaces: Access and Composition
    4.1 Layer 1: Summary of the Schema-validity Assessment Core
    4.2 Layer 2: Schema Documents, Namespaces and Composition
    4.3 Layer 3: Schema Document Access and Web-interoperability
5 Schemas and Schema-validity Assessment
    5.1 Errors in Schema Construction and Structure
    5.2 Assessing Schema-Validity
    5.3 Missing Sub-components
    5.4 Responsibilities of Schema-aware Processors

Appendices

A Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative)
B References (normative)
C Outcome Tabulations (normative)
    C.1 Validation Rules
    C.2 Contributions to the post-schema-validation infoset
    C.3 Schema Representation Constraints
    C.4 Schema Component Constraints
D Terminology for implementation-defined features
    D.1 Subset of the Post-schema-validation Infoset
    D.2 Terminology of schema construction
E Required Information Set Items and Properties (normative)
F Checklist of implementation-defined features
G Changes since version 1.0
    G.1 Changes already made
    G.2 Outstanding issues
H Implementing 'actually restricts'
I Checking content-type restriction
J Schema Components Diagram (non-normative)
K Glossary (non-normative)
L DTD for Schemas (non-normative)
M Analysis of the Unique Particle Attribution Constraint (non-normative)
N References (non-normative)
O Acknowledgements (non-normative)


1 Introduction

This document sets out the structural part (XML Schema: Structures) of the XML Schema definition language.

Chapter 2 presents a Conceptual Framework (§2) for XML Schemas, including an introduction to the nature of XML Schemas and an introduction to the XML Schema abstract data model, along with other terminology used throughout this document.

Chapter 3, Schema Component Details (§3), specifies the precise semantics of each component of the abstract model, the representation of each component in XML, with reference to a DTD and XML Schema for an XML Schema document type, along with a detailed mapping between the elements and attribute vocabulary of this representation and the components and properties of the abstract model.

Chapter 4 presents Schemas and Namespaces: Access and Composition (§4), including the connection between documents and schemas, the import, inclusion and redefinition of declarations and definitions and the foundations of schema-validity assessment.

Chapter 5 discusses Schemas and Schema-validity Assessment (§5), including the overall approach to schema-validity assessment of documents, and responsibilities of schema-aware processors.

The normative appendices include a Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A) for the XML representation of schemas and References (normative) (§B).

The non-normative appendices include the DTD for Schemas (non-normative) (§L) and a Glossary (non-normative) (§K).

This document is primarily intended as a language definition reference. As such, although it contains a few examples, it is not primarily designed to serve as a motivating introduction to the design and its features, or as a tutorial for new users. Rather it presents a careful and fully explicit definition of that design, suitable for guiding implementations. For those in search of a step-by-step introduction to the design, the non-normative [XML Schema: Primer] is a much better starting point than this document.

next sub-section1.1 Introduction to Version 1.1

The Working Group has three main goals for this version of W3C XML Schema:

These goals are in tension with one another. The Working Group's strategic guidelines for changes between versions 1.0 and 1.1 can be summarized as follows:

  1. Support for versioning (acknowledging that this may be slightly disruptive to the XML transfer syntax at the margins)
  2. Support for co-occurrence constraints (which will certainly involve additions to the XML transfer syntax, which will not be understood by 1.0 processors)
  3. Bug fixes (unless in specific cases we decide that the fix is too disruptive for a point release)
  4. Editorial changes
  5. Design cleanup will possibly change behavior in edge cases
  6. Non-disruptive changes to type hierarchy (to better support current and forthcoming international standards and W3C recommendations)
  7. Design cleanup will possibly change component structure (changes to functionality restricted to edge cases)
  8. No significant changes in existing functionality
  9. No changes to XML transfer syntax except those required by version control hooks, co-occurrence constraints and bug fixes

The aim with regard to compatibility is that

previous sub-section next sub-section1.3 Dependencies on Other Specifications

The definition of XML Schema: Structures depends on the following specifications: [XML-Infoset], [XML-Namespaces 1.1], [XPath], [XPath 2.0], and [XML Schema: Datatypes].

See Required Information Set Items and Properties (normative) (§E) for a tabulation of the information items and properties specified in [XML-Infoset] which this specification requires as a precondition to schema-aware processing.

[XML Schema: Datatypes] defines some datatypes which depend on definitions in [XML 1.1] and [XML-Namespaces 1.1]; those definitions, and therefore the datatypes based on them, vary between version 1.0 ([XML 1.0], [XML-Namespaces 1.0]) and version 1.1 ([XML 1.1], [XML-Namespaces 1.1]) of those specifications. In any given schema-validity-·assessment· episode, the choice of the 1.0 or the 1.1 definition of those datatypes is implementation-defined.

Conforming implementations of this specification may provide either the 1.1-based datatypes or the 1.0-based datatypes, or both. If both are supported, the choice of which datatypes to use in a particular assessment episode should be under user control.

Note:  Implementations may provide the heuristic of using the 1.1 datatypes if the input is labeled as XML 1.1, and the 1.0 datatypes if the input is labeled 1.0. It should be noted however that the XML version number is not required to be present in the input to an assessment episode, and in any case the heuristic should be subject to override by users, to support cases where users wish to accept XML 1.1 input but validate it using the 1.0 datatypes, or accept XML 1.0 input and validate it using the 1.1 datatypes.
Note:  Some users will perhaps wish to accept only XML 1.1 input, or only XML 1.0 input. Conforming implementations of this specification which accept XML input may accept XML 1.0, XML 1.1, or both and may provide user control over which versions of XML to accept.

previous sub-section 1.4 Documentation Conventions and Terminology

The section introduces the highlighting and typography as used in this document to present technical material.

Aspects of this document which the Working Group are committed to changing, but where (all) changes are not yet in place, are signalled by the appearance of an Issue, with a link to the associated version 1.1 Requirement, for example:

All such issues are tabulated in Outstanding issues (§G.2).

Special terms are defined at their point of introduction in the text. For example [Definition:]  a term is something used with a special meaning. The definition is labeled as such and the term it defines is displayed in boldface. The end of the definition is not specially marked in the displayed or printed text. Uses of defined terms are links to their definitions, set off with middle dots, for instance ·term·.

Non-normative examples are set off in boxes and accompanied by a brief explanation:

Example
<schema targetNamespace="http://www.example.com/XMLSchema/1.0/mySchema">
And an explanation of the example.

The definition of each kind of schema component consists of a list of its properties and their contents, followed by descriptions of the semantics of the properties:

Schema Component: Example
{example property}
A Component component. Required.

An example property

References to properties of schema components are links to the relevant definition as exemplified above, set off with curly braces, for instance {example property}.

The correspondence between an element information item which is part of the XML representation of a schema and one or more schema components is presented in a tableau which illustrates the element information item(s) involved. This is followed by a tabulation of the correspondence between properties of the component and properties of the information item. Where context may determine which of several different components may arise, several tabulations, one per context, are given. The property correspondences are normative, as are the illustrations of the XML representation element information items.

In the XML representation, bold-face attribute names (e.g. count below) indicate a required attribute information item, and the rest are optional. Where an attribute information item has an enumerated type definition, the values are shown separated by vertical bars, as for size below; if there is a default value, it is shown following a colon. Where an attribute information item has a built-in simple type definition defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes], a hyperlink to its definition therein is given.

The allowed content of the information item is shown as a grammar fragment, using the Kleene operators ?, * and +. Each element name therein is a hyperlink to its own illustration.

Note: The illustrations are derived automatically from the Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A). In the case of apparent conflict, the Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A) takes precedence, as it, together with the ·Schema Representation Constraints·, provide the normative statement of the form of XML representations.
XML Representation Summary: example Element Information Item

<example
  count = integer
  size = (large | medium | small) : medium>
  Content: (all | any*)
</example>

Example Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
Description of what the property corresponds to, e.g. the value of the size [attribute]
 

References to elements in the text are links to the relevant illustration as exemplified above, set off with angle brackets, for instance <example>.

References to properties of information items as defined in [XML-Infoset] are notated as links to the relevant section thereof, set off with square brackets, for example [children].

Properties which this specification defines for information items are introduced as follows:

PSVI Contributions for example information items
[new property]
The value the property gets.

References to properties of information items defined in this specification are notated as links to their introduction as exemplified above, set off with square brackets, for example [new property].

The following highlighting is used for non-normative commentary in this document:

Note: General comments directed to all readers.

Within normative prose in this specification, the words may, should, must and must not are defined as follows:

may
Conforming documents and XML Schema-aware processors are permitted to but need not behave as described.
should
It is recommended that conforming documents and XML Schema-aware processors behave as described, but there can be valid reasons for them not to; it is important that the full implications be understood and carefully weighed before adopting behavior at variance with the recommendation.
must
Conforming documents and XML Schema-aware processors are required to behave as described; otherwise they are in error.
must not
Conforming documents and XML Schema-aware processors are forbidden to behave as described; if they do they are in error.

These definitions describe in terms specific to this document the meanings assigned to these terms by [IETF RFC 2119]. The specific wording follows that of [XML 1.1].

This specification provides a definition of error and of conformant processors' responsibilities with respect to errors in Schemas and Schema-validity Assessment (§5).

2 Conceptual Framework

This chapter gives an overview of XML Schema: Structures at the level of its abstract data model. Schema Component Details (§3) provides details on this model, including a normative representation in XML for the components of the model. Readers interested primarily in learning to write schema documents may wish to first read [XML Schema: Primer] for a tutorial introduction, and only then consult the sub-sections of Schema Component Details (§3) named XML Representation of ... for the details.

next sub-section2.1 Overview of XML Schema

An XML Schema is a set of components such as type definitions and element declarations. These can be used to assess the validity of well-formed element and attribute information items (as defined in [XML-Infoset]), and furthermore may specify augmentations to those items and their descendants. This augmentation makes explicit information which may have been implicit in the original document, such as normalized and/or default values for attributes and elements and the types of element and attribute information items. The input information set can also be augmented with information about the validity of the item, or about other properties described in this specification. [Definition:]  We refer to the augmented infoset which results from conformant processing as defined in this specification as the post-schema-validation infoset, or PSVI. Conforming processors may provide access to some or all of the PSVI, as described in Subset of the Post-schema-validation Infoset (§D.1). The mechanisms by which processors provide such access to the PSVI are neither defined nor constrained by this specification.

Issue (RQ-142i): Issue 2846 (RQ-142 PSVI properties), Issue 2822 (RQ-144 required properties)

Version 1.0 included several properties in the PSVI whose absence carried information (e.g. [type definition]), while at the same time not being completely clear about which PSVI properties, if any, were required. The Working Group intends to eliminate the former and clarify the latter.

Resolution:

For 142, which mandates that insofar as possible absence of a property should not in general signify, when it does explicit 'if-and-only-if' language is required, the effect is distributed throughout the PSVI sub-sub-sections in section 3.

The Working Group appears to be close to consensus (although no final decision has been made) on views which can be summarized thus:

  1. We should eliminate any dependency on the absence of specific properties (i.e. important situations should be describable and distinguishable in terms of properties and their values, without appeal to the absence of particular properties), or if this proves unfeasible in particular cases we should say explicitly that a property is present "if and only if" certain conditions apply. Any remaining "if" (if any) would be a true conditional, not an equivalence.
  2. Any specification of a class of processors (including ours) can require specific additional information not in the PSVI, though should note that interoperability is better if applications depend only on the properties present in the PSVI as we define it.
  3. In our own specification of processor classes, we should be explicit that processors may provide additional information. (Or alternatively be explicit that they must not -- but the chair believes the WG consensus was to allow it.)

For 144, a few general remarks here about flexible-but-firm conformance are wanted here; most of the new work should end up in section 4 and/or 5.

Schema-validity assessment has two aspects:

1 Determining local schema-validity, that is whether an element or attribute information item satisfies the constraints embodied in the relevant components of an XML Schema;
2 Synthesizing an overall validation outcome for the item, combining local schema-validity with the results of schema-validity assessments of its descendants, if any, and adding appropriate augmentations to the infoset to record this outcome.

Throughout this specification, [Definition:]  the word valid and its derivatives are used to refer to clause 1 above, the determination of local schema-validity.

Throughout this specification, [Definition:]   the word assessment is used to refer to the overall process of local validation, schema-validity assessment and infoset augmentation.

previous sub-section next sub-section2.2 XML Schema Abstract Data Model

        2.2.1 Type Definition Components
        2.2.2 Declaration Components
        2.2.3 Model Group Components
        2.2.4 Constraint Components
        2.2.5 Group Definition Components
        2.2.6 Annotation Components

This specification builds on [XML 1.1] and [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. The concepts and definitions used herein regarding XML are framed at the abstract level of information items as defined in [XML-Infoset]. By definition, this use of the infoset provides a priori guarantees of well-formedness (as defined in [XML 1.1]) and namespace conformance (as defined in [XML-Namespaces 1.1]) for all candidates for ·assessment· and for all ·schema documents·.

Just as [XML 1.1] and [XML-Namespaces 1.1] can be described in terms of information items, XML Schemas can be described in terms of an abstract data model. In defining XML Schemas in terms of an abstract data model, this specification rigorously specifies the information which must be available to a conforming XML Schema processor. The abstract model for schemas is conceptual only, and does not mandate any particular implementation or representation of this information. To facilitate interoperation and sharing of schema information, a normative XML interchange format for schemas is provided.

[Definition:]  Schema component is the generic term for the building blocks that comprise the abstract data model of the schema. [Definition:]   An XML Schema is a set of ·schema components·. There are 14 kinds of component in all, falling into three groups. The primary components, which may (type definitions) or must (element and attribute declarations) have names, are as follows:

  • Simple type definitions
  • Complex type definitions
  • Attribute declarations
  • Element declarations

The secondary components, are as follows:

  • Attribute group definitions
  • Identity-constraint definitions
  • Assertions
  • Model group definitions
  • Notation declarations

Finally, the "helper" components provide small parts of other components; they are not independent of their context:

  • Annotations
  • Model groups
  • Particles
  • Wildcards
  • Attribute Uses

The name [Definition:]  Component covers all the different kinds of component defined in this specification.

During ·validation·, [Definition:]  declaration components are associated by (qualified) name to information items being ·validated·.

On the other hand, [Definition:]  definition components define internal schema components that can be used in other schema components.

[Definition:]  Declarations and definitions may and in some cases must have and be identified by names, which are NCNames as defined by [XML-Namespaces 1.1].

[Definition:]  Several kinds of component have a target namespace, which is either ·absent· or a namespace name, also as defined by [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. The ·target namespace· serves to identify the namespace within which the association between the component and its name exists. In the case of declarations, this in turn determines the namespace name of, for example, the element information items it may ·validate·.

Note: At the abstract level, there is no requirement that the components of a schema share a ·target namespace·. Any schema for use in ·assessment· of documents containing names from more than one namespace will of necessity include components with different ·target namespaces·. This contrasts with the situation at the level of the XML representation of components, in which each schema document contributes definitions and declarations to a single target namespace.

·Validation·, defined in detail in Schema Component Details (§3), is a relation between information items and schema components. For example, an attribute information item may ·validate· with respect to an attribute declaration, a list of element information items may ·validate· with respect to a content model, and so on. The following sections briefly introduce the kinds of components in the schema abstract data model, other major features of the abstract model, and how they contribute to ·validation·.

2.2.1 Type Definition Components

The abstract model provides two kinds of type definition component: simple and complex.

[Definition:]  This specification uses the phrase type definition in cases where no distinction need be made between simple and complex types.

Type definitions form a hierarchy with a single root. The subsections below first describe characteristics of that hierarchy, then provide an introduction to simple and complex type definitions themselves.

2.2.1.1 Type Definition Hierarchy

[Definition:]  Except for a distinguished ·ur-type definition·, every ·type definition· is, by construction, either a ·restriction· or an ·extension· of some other type definition. The graph of these relationships forms a tree known as the Type Definition Hierarchy.

[Definition:]  The type definition used as the basis for an ·extension· or ·restriction· is known as the base type definition of that definition.

[Definition:]  ||A type defined with the same constraints as its ·base type definition·, or with more, is said to be a restriction|| ||A type defined by appropriate use of facets or declarations so as to validate a subset of what another type definition validates, with consistent PSVI outcomes, is a restriction of the other type||. ||The added constraints might include narrowed ranges or reduced alternatives. Members of a type, A, whose definition is a ·restriction· of the definition of another type, B, are always members of type B as well.||

Issue (RQ-17i):Issue 2820 (RQ-17 simplify restriction rules)

Version 1.0 made clear that the intention for derivation by restriction was that restrictions validated a subset of what their base validated. However, the constructive rules for what constituted valid content model restrictions for complex type definition not only failed to enforce this completely correctly, but also ruled out various cases which evidently should have been allowed. The Working Group has decided to shift to a much higher level statement of what constitutes a valid restriction, appealing directly to the subset requirement, in order to address these problems.

Resolution:

A major change in definition/presentation, with only modest changes in consequences for schemas and validity, will be made, by defining restriction for complex type definitions in terms of the desired result, that is that all members of a restricted type are members of its base type. In the normative part of the spec. this will be done by appeal to local validity.

"Clarifying: R restricts B: any EII that is locally valid [per R] must also be locally valid [per B], with side conditions on properties on terms you appeal to [to] get same child allowed by two content models." [-F2F 2004-03-12, section Subsumption (W3C-member-only link)]

A non-normative appendix will provide references to published algorithms for enforcing the constraint.

[Definition:]  A complex type definition which allows element or attribute content in addition to that allowed by another specified type definition is said to be an extension.

[Definition:]  A distinguished complex type definition, the ur-type definition, whose name is ||anyType||||rootType|| in the XML Schema namespace, is present in each ·XML Schema·, serving as the root of the type definition hierarchy for that schema.

||

[Definition:]  A further special complex type definition, whose name is anyType in the XML Schema namespace, is also present in each ·XML Schema·. The definition of anyType serves as default type definition for element declarations whose XML representation does not specify one.

||
2.2.1.2 Simple Type Definition

A simple type definition is a set of constraints on strings and information about the values they encode, applicable to the ·normalized value· of an attribute information item or of an element information item with no element children. Informally, it applies to the values of attributes and the text-only content of elements.

Each simple type definition, whether built-in (that is, defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes]) or user-defined, is a ·restriction· of its ·base type definition·. [Definition:]  The simple ur-type definition, a special ·restriction· of the ·ur-type definition·, whose name is anySimpleType in the XML Schema namespace is the root of the ·Type Definition Hierarchy· for the simple type definitions. The ·simple ur-type definition· is considered to have an unconstrained lexical space, and a value space consisting of the union of the value spaces of all the built-in primitive datatypes and the set of all lists of all members of the value spaces of all the built-in primitive datatypes. The built-in list datatypes all have the ·simple ur-type definition· as their ·base type definition·.

[Definition:]  There is a further special datatype called anyAtomicType, a ·restriction· of the ·simple ur-type definition·, which is the ·base type definition· of all the primitive built-in datatypes. It too is considered to have an unconstrained lexical space. Its value space consists of the union of the value spaces of all the built-in primitive datatypes.

The mapping from lexical space to value space is unspecified for items whose type definition is the ·simple ur-type definition·or ·anyAtomicType·. Accordingly this specification does not constrain processors' behavior in areas where this mapping is implicated, for example checking such items against enumerations, constructing default attributes or elements whose declared type definition is the ·simple ur-type definition·, checking identity constraints involving such items.

Note: The Working Group expects to return to this area in a future version of this specification.

[XML Schema: Datatypes] provides mechanisms for defining new simple type definitions by ·restricting· one of the built-in primitive or ordinary datatypes. It also provides mechanisms for constructing new simple type definitions whose members are lists of items themselves constrained by some other simple type definition, or whose membership is the union of the memberships of some other simple type definitions. Such list and union simple type definitions are also ·restrictions· of the ·simple ur-type definition·.

For detailed information on simple type definitions, see Simple Type Definitions (§3.15) and [XML Schema: Datatypes]. The latter also defines an extensive inventory of pre-defined simple types.

2.2.1.3 Complex Type Definition

A complex type definition is a set of attribute declarations and a content type, applicable to the [attributes] and [children] of an element information item respectively. The content type may require the [children] to contain neither element nor character information items (that is, to be empty), or to be a string which belongs to a particular simple type, or to contain a sequence of element information items which conforms to a particular model group, with or without character information items as well.

Each complex type definition other than the ·ur-type definition· is either

or

A complex type which extends another does so by having additional content model particles at the end of the other definition's content model, or by having additional attribute declarations, or both.

Note: This specification allows only appending, and not other kinds of extensions. This decision simplifies application processing required to cast instances from derived to base type. Future versions may allow more kinds of extension, requiring more complex transformations to effect casting.

For detailed information on complex type definitions, see Complex Type Definitions (§3.4).

2.2.2 Declaration Components

There are three kinds of declaration component: element, attribute, and notation. Each is described in a section below. Also included is a discussion of element substitution groups, which is a feature provided in conjunction with element declarations.

2.2.2.2 Element Substitution Group

In XML, the name and content of an element must correspond exactly to the element type referenced in the corresponding content model.

[Definition:]  Through the new mechanism of element substitution groups, XML Schemas provides a more powerful model supporting substitution of one named element for another. Any top-level element declaration can serve as the defining member, or head, for an element substitution group. Other top-level element declarations, regardless of target namespace, can be designated as members of the substitution group headed by this element. In a suitably enabled content model, a reference to the head ·validates· not just the head itself, but elements corresponding to any other member of the substitution group as well.

All such members must have type definitions which are either the same as the head's type definition or restrictions or extensions of it. Therefore, although the names of elements can vary widely as new namespaces and members of the substitution group are defined, the content of member elements is strictly limited according to the type definition of the substitution group head.

Note that element substitution groups are not represented as separate components. They are specified in the property values for element declarations (see Element Declarations (§3.3)).

2.2.2.4 Notation Declaration

A notation declaration is an association between a name and an identifier for a notation. For an attribute information item to be ·valid· with respect to a NOTATION simple type definition, its value must have been declared with a notation declaration.

For detailed information on notation declarations, see Notation Declarations (§3.13).

2.2.3 Model Group Components

The model group, particle, and wildcard components contribute to the portion of a complex type definition that controls an element information item's content.

2.2.3.2 Particle

A particle is a term in the grammar for element content, consisting of either an element declaration, a wildcard or a model group, together with occurrence constraints. Particles contribute to ·validation· as part of complex type definition ·validation·, when they allow anywhere from zero to many element information items or sequences thereof, depending on their contents and occurrence constraints.

The name [Definition:]  Term is used to refer to any of the three kinds of components which can appear in particles. All ·Terms· are themselves ·Annotated Components·. [Definition:]  A basic term is an Element Declaration or a Wildcard. [Definition:]  A basic particle is a Particle whose {term} is a ·basic term·.

[Definition:]  A particle can be used in a complex type definition to constrain the ·validation· of the [children] of an element information item; such a particle is called a content model.

Note: XML Schema: Structures ·content models· are similar to but more expressive than [XML 1.1] content models; unlike [XML 1.1], XML Schema: Structures applies ·content models· to the ·validation· of both mixed and element-only content.

Each content model, indeed each particle, denotes a set of sequences of element information items. Regarding that set of sequences as a language, the set of sequences recognized by a particle P may be written L(P). [Definition:]  A particle P is said to accept or recognize the members of L(P).

Note: The language accepted by a content model plays a role in determining whether an element information item is locally valid or not: if the appropriate content model does not accept the sequence of elements among its children, then the element information item is not locally valid. (Some additional constraints must also be met: not every sequence in L(P) is locally valid against P. See Principles of Validation against Groups (§3.8.4.2).)

No assumption is made, in the definition above, that the items in the sequence are themselves valid; only the expanded names of the items in the sequence are relevant in determining whether the sequence is accepted by a particle. Their validity does affect whether their parent is (recursively) valid as well as locally valid.

If a sequence S is a member of L(P), then it is necessarily possible to trace a path through the ·basic particles· within P, with each item within S corresponding to a matching particle within P. The sequence of particles within P corresponding to S is called the ·path· of S in P.

Note: This ·path· has nothing to do with [XPath] or XPath expressions. When there may otherwise be danger of confusion, the ·path· described here may be referred to as the ·match path· of S in P.

For detailed information on particles, see Particles (§3.9).

2.2.4 Constraint Components

2.2.4.1 Identity-constraint Definition

An identity-constraint definition is an association between a name and one of several varieties of identity-constraint related to uniqueness and reference. All the varieties use [XPath] expressions to pick out sets of information items relative to particular target element information items which are unique, or a key, or a ·valid· reference, within a specified scope. An element information item is only ·valid· with respect to an element declaration with identity-constraint definitions if those definitions are all satisfied for all the descendants of that element information item which they pick out.

For detailed information on identity-constraint definitions, see Identity-constraint Definitions (§3.11).

Note:  Identity constraints currently uses XPath 1.0. This may change in future working drafts of this specification to use XPath 2.0. Such change will not affect evaluation of identity constraints, given the XPath subset it uses.
2.2.4.2 Assertion

An assertion is a predicate associated with a type, which is checked for each instance of the type. Depending on their formulation, assertions are either required to be true of the instance, or required to be false. If an element or attribute information item fails to satisfy an assertion associated with a given type, then that information item is not locally ·valid· with respect to that type.

For detailed information on Assertions, see Assertions (§3.12).

Note:  Assertions are currently only allowed to be specified in complex types. It may be deemed useful to also include assertions in named model group definitions and/or attribute groups, or even simple types, if proved useful.

previous sub-section next sub-section2.3 Constraints and Validation Rules

The [XML 1.1] specification describes two kinds of constraints on XML documents: well-formedness and validity constraints. Informally, the well-formedness constraints are those imposed by the definition of XML itself (such as the rules for the use of the < and > characters and the rules for proper nesting of elements), while validity constraints are the further constraints on document structure provided by a particular DTD.

The preceding section focused on ·validation·, that is the constraints on information items which schema components supply. In fact however this specification provides four different kinds of normative statements about schema components, their representations in XML and their contribution to the ·validation· of information items:

Schema Component Constraint
[Definition:]  Constraints on the schema components themselves, i.e. conditions components must satisfy to be components at all. Located in the sixth sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Schema Component Constraints (§C.4).
Schema Representation Constraint
[Definition:]  Constraints on the representation of schema components in XML beyond those which are expressed in Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A). Located in the third sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Schema Representation Constraints (§C.3).
Validation Rules
[Definition:]  Contributions to ·validation· associated with schema components. Located in the fourth sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Validation Rules (§C.1).
Schema Information Set Contribution
[Definition:]  Augmentations to ·post-schema-validation infoset·s expressed by schema components, which follow as a consequence of ·validation· and/or ·assessment·. Located in the fifth sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Contributions to the post-schema-validation infoset (§C.2).

The last of these, schema information set contributions, are not as new as they might at first seem. XML validation augments the XML information set in similar ways, for example by providing values for attributes not present in instances, and by implicitly exploiting type information for normalization or access. (As an example of the latter case, consider the effect of NMTOKENS on attribute white space, and the semantics of ID and IDREF.) By including schema information set contributions, this specification makes explicit some features that XML leaves implicit.

previous sub-section next sub-section2.4 Conformance

This specification describes three levels of conformance for schema aware processors. The first is required of all processors. Support for the other two will depend on the application environments for which the processor is intended.

[Definition:]  Minimally conforming processors must completely and correctly implement the ·Schema Component Constraints·, ·Validation Rules·, and ·Schema Information Set Contributions· contained in this specification.

[Definition:]  ·Minimally conforming· processors which accept schemas represented in the form of XML documents as described in Layer 2: Schema Documents, Namespaces and Composition (§4.2) are additionally said to be schema-document aware. Such processors must, when processing schema documents, completely and correctly implement all ·Schema Representation Constraints· in this specification, and must adhere exactly to the specifications in Schema Component Details (§3) for mapping the contents of such documents to ·schema components· for use in ·validation· and ·assessment·.

[Definition:]  A ·minimally conforming· processor which is not ·schema-document aware· is said to be a non-schema-document-aware processor.

Note: By separating the conformance requirements relating to the concrete syntax of XML schema documents, this specification admits processors which use schemas stored in optimized binary representations, dynamically created schemas represented as programming language data structures, or implementations in which particular schemas are compiled into executable code such as C or Java. Such processors can be said to be ·minimally conforming· but not necessarily ·schema-document aware·.

[Definition:]  Web-aware processors are network-enabled processors which are not only both ·minimally conforming· and ·schema-document aware·, but which additionally must be capable of accessing schema documents from the World Wide Web as described in Representation of Schemas on the World Wide Web (§2.7) and How schema definitions are located on the Web (§4.3.2). .

||
Note: In version 1.0 of this specification the class of ·schema-document aware· processors was termed "conformant to the XML Representation of Schemas". Similarly, the class of ·Web-aware· processors was called "fully conforming".
||
Note: Although this specification provides just these three standard levels of conformance, it is anticipated that other conventions can be established in the future. For example, the World Wide Web Consortium is considering conventions for packaging on the Web a variety of resources relating to individual documents and namespaces. Should such developments lead to new conventions for representing schemas, or for accessing them on the Web, new levels of conformance can be established and named at that time. There is no need to modify or republish this specification to define such additional levels of conformance.

See Schemas and Namespaces: Access and Composition (§4) for a more detailed explanation of the mechanisms supporting these levels of conformance.

previous sub-section next sub-section2.5 Names and Symbol Spaces

As discussed in XML Schema Abstract Data Model (§2.2), most schema components (may) have ·names·. If all such names were assigned from the same "pool", then it would be impossible to have, for example, a simple type definition and an element declaration both with the name "title" in a given ·target namespace·.

Therefore [Definition:]  this specification introduces the term symbol space to denote a collection of names, each of which is unique with respect to the others. A symbol space is similar to the non-normative concept of namespace partition introduced in [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. There is a single distinct symbol space within a given ·target namespace· for each kind of definition and declaration component identified in XML Schema Abstract Data Model (§2.2), except that within a target namespace, simple type definitions and complex type definitions share a symbol space. Within a given symbol space, names are unique, but the same name may appear in more than one symbol space without conflict. For example, the same name can appear in both a type definition and an element declaration, without conflict or necessary relation between the two.

Locally scoped attribute and element declarations are special with regard to symbol spaces. Every complex type definition defines its own local attribute and element declaration symbol spaces, where these symbol spaces are distinct from each other and from any of the other symbol spaces. So, for example, two complex type definitions having the same target namespace can contain a local attribute declaration for the unqualified name "priority", or contain a local element declaration for the name "address", without conflict or necessary relation between the two.

previous sub-section next sub-section2.6 Schema-Related Markup in Documents Being Validated

The XML representation of schema components uses a vocabulary identified by the namespace name http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema. For brevity, the text and examples in this specification use the prefix xs: to stand for this namespace; in practice, any prefix can be used.

Issue (RQ-153i):Issue 3047 (RQ-153 XSD 1.1 namespace)

This specification must choose either to use the same namespace as XML Schema 1.0, or to use a different namespace, or to use more than one namespace. An explicit decision should be made.

XML Schema: Structures also defines several attributes for direct use in any XML documents. These attributes are in a different namespace, which has the namespace name http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance. For brevity, the text and examples in this specification use the prefix xsi: to stand for this latter namespace; in practice, any prefix can be used. All schema processors have appropriate attribute declarations for these attributes built in, see Attribute Declaration for the 'type' attribute (§3.2.7), Attribute Declaration for the 'nil' attribute (§3.2.7), Attribute Declaration for the 'schemaLocation' attribute (§3.2.7) and Attribute Declaration for the 'noNamespaceSchemaLocation' attribute (§3.2.7).

2.6.1 xsi:type

The Simple Type Definition (§2.2.1.2) or Complex Type Definition (§2.2.1.3) used in ·validation· of an element is usually determined by reference to the appropriate schema components. An element information item in an instance may, however, explicitly assert its type using the attribute xsi:type. The value of this attribute is a ·QName·; see QName Interpretation (§3.16.3) for the means by which the ·QName· is associated with a type definition.

2.6.2 xsi:nil

XML Schema: Structures introduces a mechanism for signaling that an element must be accepted as ·valid· when it has no content despite a content type which does not require or even necessarily allow empty content. An element may be ·valid· without content if it has the attribute xsi:nil with the value true. An element so labeled must be empty, but can carry attributes if permitted by the corresponding complex type.

3 Schema Component Details

next sub-section3.1 Introduction

The following sections provide full details on the composition of all schema components, together with their XML representations and their contributions to ·assessment·. Each section is devoted to a single component, with separate subsections for

  1. properties: their values and significance
  2. XML representation and the mapping to properties
  3. constraints on representation
  4. validation rules
  5. ·post-schema-validation infoset· contributions
  6. constraints on the components themselves

The sub-sections immediately below introduce conventions and terminology used throughout the component sections.

3.1.1 Components and Properties

Components are defined in terms of their properties, and each property in turn is defined by giving its range, that is the values it may have. This can be understood as defining a schema as a labeled directed graph, where the root is a schema, every other vertex is a schema component or a literal (string, boolean, decimal) and every labeled edge is a property. The graph is not acyclic: multiple copies of components with the same name in the same ·symbol space· must not exist, so in some cases re-entrant chains of properties will exist. Equality of components for the purposes of this specification is always defined as equality of names (including target namespaces) within symbol spaces.

Issue (RQ-125i):Issue 2837 (RQ-125 identity of anonymous types), Issue 2842 (RQ-134 inherited portions of content model)

Version 1.0 was deliberately reticent in stating identity conditions for components. With hindsight this was a mistake, and will be corrected.

Resolution:

Add {scope} property to type definition components which will either be the enclosing element declaration or "global", by analogy with element declarations {scope}. [For further context, see F2F 2004-03-12, section RQ-125 (W3C-member-only link).]

This change will solve the anonymous type equality problem by giving an unequivocal answer to the "who am I?" question for such types by way of the answer "Your identity is determined by your scope's identity."

Note: A schema and its components as defined in this chapter are an idealization of the information a schema-aware processor requires: implementations are not constrained in how they provide it. In particular, no implications about literal embedding versus indirection follow from the use below of language such as "properties . . . having . . . components as values".

Component properties are simply named values. Most properties have either other components or literals (that is, strings or booleans or enumerated keywords) for values, but in a few cases, where more complex values are involved, [Definition:]  a property value may itself be a collection of named values, which we call a property record.

[Definition:]  Throughout this specification, the term absent is used as a distinguished property value denoting absence. Again this should not be interpreting as constraining implementations, as for instance between using a null value for such properties or not representing them at all.

Any property not defined as optional is always present; optional properties which are not present are taken to have ·absent· as their value. Any property identified as a having a set, subset or list value may have an empty value unless this is explicitly ruled out: this is not the same as ·absent·. Any property value identified as a superset or subset of some set may be equal to that set, unless a proper superset or subset is explicitly called for. By 'string' in Part 1 of this specification is meant a sequence of ISO 10646 characters identified as legal XML characters in [XML 1.1].

Note: It is implementation-defined whether a schema processor uses the definition of legal character from [XML 1.1] or [XML 1.0].

3.1.2 XML Representations of Components

The principal purpose of XML Schema: Structures is to define a set of schema components that constrain the contents of instances and augment the information sets thereof. Although no external representation of schemas is required for this purpose, such representations will obviously be widely used. To provide for this in an appropriate and interoperable way, this specification provides a normative XML representation for schemas which makes provision for every kind of schema component. [Definition:]  A document in this form (i.e. a <schema> element information item) is a schema document. For the schema document as a whole, and its constituents, the sections below define correspondences between element information items (with declarations in Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A) and DTD for Schemas (non-normative) (§L)) and schema components. All the element information items in the XML representation of a schema must be in the XML Schema namespace, that is their [namespace name] must be http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema. Although a common way of creating the XML Infosets which are or contain ·schema documents· will be using an XML parser, this is not required: any mechanism which constructs conformant infosets as defined in [XML-Infoset] is a possible starting point.

Two aspects of the XML representations of components presented in the following sections are constant across them all:

  1. All of them allow attributes qualified with namespace names other than the XML Schema namespace itself: these appear as annotations in the corresponding schema component;
  2. All of them allow an <annotation> as their first child, for human-readable documentation and/or machine-targeted information.

3.1.3 The Mapping between XML Representations and Components

For each kind of schema component there is a corresponding normative XML representation. The sections below describe the correspondences between the properties of each kind of schema component on the one hand and the properties of information items in that XML representation on the other, together with constraints on that representation above and beyond those implicit in the Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A).

The language used is as if the correspondences were mappings from XML representation to schema component, but the mapping in the other direction, and therefore the correspondence in the abstract, can always be constructed therefrom.

In discussing the mapping from XML representations to schema components below, the value of a component property is often determined by the value of an attribute information item, one of the [attributes] of an element information item. Since schema documents are constrained by the Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A), there is always a simple type definition associated with any such attribute information item. [Definition:]  The phrase actual value is used to refer to the member of the value space of the simple type definition associated with an attribute information item which corresponds to its ·normalized value·. This will often be a string, but may also be an integer, a boolean, a URI reference, etc. This term is also occasionally used with respect to element or attribute information items in a document being ·validated·.

Many properties are identified below as having other schema components or sets of components as values. For the purposes of exposition, the definitions in this section assume that (unless the property is explicitly identified as optional) all such values are in fact present. When schema components are constructed from XML representations involving reference by name to other components, this assumption may be violated if one or more references cannot be resolved. This specification addresses the matter of missing components in a uniform manner, described in Missing Sub-components (§5.3): no mention of handling missing components will be found in the individual component descriptions below.

Forward reference to named definitions and declarations is allowed, both within and between ·schema documents·. By the time the component corresponding to an XML representation which contains a forward reference is actually needed for ·validation· an appropriately-named component may have become available to discharge the reference: see Schemas and Namespaces: Access and Composition (§4) for details.

3.1.4 White Space Normalization during Validation

Throughout this specification, [Definition:]  the initial value of some attribute information item is the value of the [normalized value] property of that item. Similarly, the initial value of an element information item is the string composed of, in order, the [character code] of each character information item in the [children] of that element information item.

The above definition means that comments and processing instructions, even in the midst of text, are ignored for all ·validation· purposes.

[Definition:]  The normalized value of an element or attribute information item is an ·initial value· whose white space, if any, has been normalized according to the value of the whiteSpace facet of the simple type definition used in its ·validation·:

preserve
No normalization is done, the value is the ·normalized value·
replace
All occurrences of #x9 (tab), #xA (line feed) and #xD (carriage return) are replaced with #x20 (space).
collapse
Subsequent to the replacements specified above under replace, contiguous sequences of #x20s are collapsed to a single #x20, and initial and/or final #x20s are deleted.

If the simple type definition used in an item's ·validation· is the ·simple ur-type definition·, then the ·normalized value· must be determined as in the preserve case above.

There are three alternative validation rules which may supply the necessary background for the above: Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4) (clause 3), Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4) (clause 3.1.3) or Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4) (clause 1.2).

These three levels of normalization correspond to the processing mandated in XML for element content, CDATA attribute content and tokenized attributed content, respectively. See Attribute Value Normalization in [XML 1.1] for the precedent for replace and collapse for attributes. Extending this processing to element content is necessary to ensure a consistent ·validation· semantics for simple types, regardless of whether they are applied to attributes or elements. Performing it twice in the case of attributes whose [normalized value] has already been subject to replacement or collapse on the basis of information in a DTD is necessary to ensure consistent treatment of attributes regardless of the extent to which DTD-based information has been made use of during infoset construction.

Note: Even when DTD-based information has been appealed to, and Attribute Value Normalization has taken place, the above definition of ·normalized value· may mean further normalization takes place, as for instance when character entity references in attribute values result in white space characters other than spaces in their ·initial value·s.
Note: The values replace and collapse may appear to provide a convenient way to "unwrap" text (i.e. undo the effects of pretty-printing and word-wrapping). In some cases, especially highly constrained data consisting of lists of artificial tokens such as part numbers or other identifiers, this appearance is correct. For natural-language data, however, the whitespace processing prescribed for these values is not only unreliable but will systematically remove the information needed to perform unwrapping correctly. For Asian scripts, for example, a correct unwrapping process will replace line boundaries not with blanks but with zero-width separators or nothing. In consequence, it is normally unwise to use these values for natural-language data, or for any data other than lists of highly constrained tokens.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.2 Attribute Declarations

Attribute declarations provide for:

  • Local ·validation· of attribute information item values using a simple type definition;
  • Specifying default or fixed values for attribute information items.
Example
<xs:attribute name="age" type="xs:positiveInteger" use="required"/>
The XML representation of an attribute declaration.

3.2.1 The Attribute Declaration Schema Component

The attribute declaration schema component has the following properties:

Property Record: Scope

The {name} property must match the local part of the names of attributes being ·validated·.

The value of the attribute must conform to the supplied {type definition}.

A ·non-absent· value of the {target namespace} property provides for ·validation· of namespace-qualified attribute information items (which must be explicitly prefixed in the character-level form of XML documents). ·Absent· values of {target namespace} ·validate· unqualified (unprefixed) items.

A {scope} with {variety} global identifies attribute declarations available for use in complex type definitions throughout the schema. Locally scoped declarations are available for use only within the complex type definition identified by the {scope}'s {parent} property. This property is ·absent· in the case of declarations within attribute group definitions: their scope will be determined when they are used in the construction of complex type definitions.

{value constraint} reproduces the functions of XML default and #FIXED attribute values. A {variety} of default specifies that the attribute is to appear unconditionally in the ·post-schema-validation infoset·, with {value} and {lexical form} used whenever the attribute is not actually present; fixed indicates that the attribute value if present must be identical to {value}, and if absent receives {value} and {lexical form} as for default. Note that it is values that are checked, not strings.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

Note: A more complete and formal presentation of the semantics of {name}, {target namespace} and {value constraint} is provided in conjunction with other aspects of complex type ·validation· (see Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4).)

[XML-Infoset] distinguishes attributes with names such as xmlns or xmlns:xsl from ordinary attributes, identifying them as [namespace attributes]. Accordingly, it is unnecessary and in fact not possible for schemas to contain attribute declarations corresponding to such namespace declarations, see xmlns Not Allowed (§3.2.6). No means is provided in this specification to supply a default value for a namespace declaration.

3.2.2 XML Representation of Attribute Declaration Schema Components

Issue (RQ-121i):Issue 2835 (RQ-121 prohibited + fixed)

Neither the prose of this specification nor the schema for schema documents rules out XML representations of attribute declarations containing both use='prohibited' and fixed='...'. It will be made clear that this is not an error and that ‘prohibited’ wins.

The XML representation for an attribute declaration schema component is an <attribute> element information item. It specifies a simple type definition for an attribute either by reference or explicitly, and may provide default information. The correspondences between the properties of the information item and properties of the component are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: attribute Element Information Item

<attribute
  default = string
  fixed = string
  form = (qualified | unqualified)
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  ref = QName
  type = QName
  use = (optional | prohibited | required) : optional
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, simpleType?)
</attribute>

If the <attribute> element information item has <schema> as its parent, the corresponding schema component is as follows:
Attribute Declaration Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent <schema> element information item, or ·absent· if there is none.
 
The simple type definition corresponding to the <simpleType> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise the simple type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the type [attribute], if present, otherwise the ·simple ur-type definition·.
 
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
global
 
If there is a default or a fixed [attribute], then a Value Constraint as follows, otherwise ·absent·.
Property
Value
either default or fixed, as appropriate
the ·actual value· (with respect to the {type definition}) of the [attribute]
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
otherwise if the <attribute> element information item has <complexType> or <attributeGroup> as an ancestor and the ref [attribute] is absent, it corresponds to an attribute use with properties as follows (unless use='prohibited', in which case the item corresponds to nothing at all):
Attribute Use Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
true if the use [attribute] is present with ·actual value· required, otherwise false.
 
See the Attribute Declaration mapping immediately below.
 
If there is a default or a fixed [attribute], then a Value Constraint as follows, otherwise ·absent·.
Property
Value
either default or fixed, as appropriate
Attribute Declaration Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
 
If form is present and its ·actual value· is qualified, or if form is absent and the ·actual value· of attributeFormDefault on the <schema> ancestor is qualified, then the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent <schema> element information item, or ·absent· if there is none, otherwise ·absent·.
 
The simple type definition corresponding to the <simpleType> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise the simple type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the type [attribute], if present, otherwise the ·simple ur-type definition·.
 
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
If the <attribute> element information item has <complexType> as an ancestor, the Complex Type Definition corresponding to that item, otherwise (the <attribute> element information item is within an <attributeGroup> definition), ·absent·.
 
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
otherwise (the <attribute> element information item has <complexType> or <attributeGroup> as an ancestor and the ref [attribute] is present), it corresponds to an attribute use with properties as follows (unless use='prohibited', in which case the item corresponds to nothing at all):
Attribute Use Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
true if the use [attribute] is present with ·actual value· required, otherwise false.
 
The (top-level) attribute declaration ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the ref [attribute]
 
If there is a default or a fixed [attribute], then a Value Constraint as follows, otherwise ·absent·.
Property
Value
either default or fixed, as appropriate

Attribute declarations can appear at the top level of a schema document, or within complex type definitions, either as complete (local) declarations, or by reference to top-level declarations, or within attribute group definitions. For complete declarations, top-level or local, the type attribute is used when the declaration can use a built-in or pre-declared simple type definition. Otherwise an anonymous <simpleType> is provided inline.

The default when no simple type definition is referenced or provided is the ·simple ur-type definition·, which imposes no constraints at all.

Attribute information items ·validated· by a top-level declaration must be qualified with the {target namespace} of that declaration. If the {target namespace} is ·absent·, the item must be unqualified. Control over whether attribute information items ·validated· by a local declaration must be similarly qualified or not is provided by the form [attribute], whose default is provided by the attributeFormDefault [attribute] on the enclosing <schema>, via its determination of {target namespace}.

The names for top-level attribute declarations are in their own ·symbol space·. The names of locally-scoped attribute declarations reside in symbol spaces local to the type definition which contains them.

3.2.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Attribute Declarations

Schema Representation Constraint: Attribute Declaration Representation OK
In addition to the conditions imposed on <attribute> element information items by the schema for schemas, all of the following also apply:
1 default and fixed must not both be present.
2 If default and use are both present, use must have the ·actual value· optional.
3 If the item's parent is not <schema>, then all of the following must be true:
3.1 One of ref or name is present, but not both.
3.2 If ref is present, then all of <simpleType>, form and type are absent.
4 type and <simpleType> must not both be present.
5 The corresponding attribute declaration must satisfy the conditions set out in Constraints on Attribute Declaration Schema Components (§3.2.6).

3.2.4 Attribute Declaration Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Attribute Locally Valid
For an attribute information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to an attribute declaration all of the following must be true:
1 The declaration is not ·absent· (see Missing Sub-components (§5.3) for how this can fail to be the case).
2 Its {type definition} is not absent.
3 The item's ·normalized value· is locally ·valid· with respect to that {type definition} as per String Valid (§3.15.4).
4 The item's ·actual value· matches the {value} of the {value constraint}, if it is present and its {variety} is fixed.
Validation Rule: Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute)
The schema-validity assessment of an attribute information item depends on its ·validation· alone.

[Definition:]  During ·validation·, associations between element and attribute information items among the [children] and [attributes] on the one hand, and element and attribute declarations on the other, are established as a side-effect. Such declarations are called the context-determined declarations. See clause 2.1 (in Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4)) for attribute declarations, clause 2 (in Element Sequence Locally Valid (Particle) (§3.9.4.2)) for element declarations.

For an attribute information item's schema-validity to have been assessed all of the following must be true:

1 A ·non-absent· attribute declaration is known for it, namely one of the following:
1.1 A declaration which has been established as its ·context-determined declaration·;
1.2 A declaration resolved to by its [local name] and [namespace name] as defined by QName resolution (Instance) (§3.16.4), provided its ·context-determined declaration· is not skip.
1.3 A declaration was stipulated by the processor (see Assessing Schema-Validity (§5.2)).
2 Its ·validity· with respect to that declaration has been evaluated as per Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4).
3 Both clause 1 and clause 2 of Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4) are satisfied.

[Definition:]  For attributes, there is no difference between assessment and strict assessment, so the attribute information item has been strictly assessed if and only if its schema-validity has been assessed.

3.2.5 Attribute Declaration Information Set Contributions

Schema Information Set Contribution: Assessment Outcome (Attribute)
Issue (RQ-143i):Issue 2827 (RQ-143 attribute assessment)

An attribute with no type declaration cannot be 'assessed', as defined by (Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute)), so it will never have any PSVI properties, whereas it would be natural for it to have [validation attempted] = none and [validity] = notKnown. This will be fixed.

Resolution:

It is likely that the current backward-chaining approach to defining schema-validity assessment will be reworked, in which case this will get fixed as part of that.

If the schema-validity of an attribute information item has been assessed as per Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute) (§3.2.4), then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· it has properties as follows:
PSVI Contributions for attribute information items
[validation context]
The nearest ancestor element information item with a [schema information] property.
[validity]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If it was ·strictly assessed·, then the appropriate case among the following:
1.1 If it was ·valid· as defined by Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4), then valid;
1.2 otherwise invalid.
2 otherwise notKnown.
[validation attempted]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If it was ·strictly assessed·, then full;
2 otherwise none.
[schema specified]
infoset. See Attribute Default Value (§3.4.5) for the other possible value.
Schema Information Set Contribution: Validation Failure (Attribute)
If and only if the local ·validity·, as defined by Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4) above, of an attribute information item has been assessed, then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the item has a property:
PSVI Contributions for attribute information items
[schema error code]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the item is ·invalid·, then a list. Applications wishing to provide information as to the reason(s) for the ·validation· failure are encouraged to record one or more error codes (see Outcome Tabulations (normative) (§C)) herein.
2 otherwise ·absent·.
Schema Information Set Contribution: Attribute Declaration
If an attribute information item is ·valid· with respect to an attribute declaration as per Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4), then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the attribute information item has a property:
PSVI Contributions for attribute information items
[attribute declaration]
An ·item isomorphic· to the declaration component itself.
Schema Information Set Contribution: Attribute Validated by Type
If clause 3 of Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4) applies with respect to an attribute information item, then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the attribute information item has the properties:
PSVI Contributions for attribute information items
[schema normalized value]
The ·normalized value· of the item as ·validated·.
[type definition]
An ·item isomorphic· to the relevant attribute declaration's {type definition} component.
[type definition type]
simple.
[type definition namespace]
The {target namespace} of the ·type definition·.
[type definition anonymous]
true if the {name} of the ·type definition· is ·absent·, otherwise false.
[type definition name]
The {name} of the ·type definition·, if ||it||||the {name}|| is not ·absent·. If ||it||||the ·type definition·'s {name} property|| is ·absent·, ||then|| schema processors may, but need not, provide a value which uniquely identifies this type definition among those with the same target namespace.
Note: The [type definition type], [type definition namespace], [type definition name], and [type definition anonymous] properties are redundant with the [type definition] property; they are defined for the convenience of implementations which wish to expose those specific properties but not the entire type definition.
If the ·type definition· has {variety} union, then calling [Definition:]   that basic member of its transitive membership which actually ·validated· the attribute item's ·normalized value· the actual member type definition, there are four additional properties:
PSVI Contributions for attribute information items
The first (·item isomorphic·) alternative above is provided for applications such as query processors which need access to the full range of details about an item's ·assessment·, for example the type hierarchy; the second, for lighter-weight processors for whom representing the significant parts of the type hierarchy as information items might be a significant burden.

Also, if and only if the declaration has a {value constraint}, the item has a property:

PSVI Contributions for attribute information items
If the attribute information item was not ·strictly assessed·, then instead of the values specified above,
1 The item's [schema normalized value] property has the ·initial value· of the item as its value;
2 The [type definition] and [member type definition] properties, or their alternatives, are based on the ·simple ur-type definition·.

3.2.6 Constraints on Attribute Declaration Schema Components

All attribute declarations (see Attribute Declarations (§3.2)) must satisfy the following constraints.

Schema Component Constraint: xmlns Not Allowed
The {name} of an attribute declaration must not match xmlns.
Note: The {name} of an attribute is an ·NCName·, which implicitly prohibits attribute declarations of the form xmlns:*.
Schema Component Constraint: xsi: Not Allowed
The {target namespace} of an attribute declaration, whether local or top-level, must not match http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance (unless it is one of the four built-in declarations given in the next section).
Note: This reinforces the special status of these attributes, so that they not only need not be declared to be allowed in instances, but must not be declared. It also removes any temptation to experiment with supplying global or fixed values for e.g. xsi:type or xsi:nil, which would be seriously misleading, as they would have no effect.

3.2.7 Built-in Attribute Declarations

There are four attribute declarations present in every schema by definition:

Property
Value
type
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
The built-in QName simple type definition
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
global
Property
Value
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
The built-in boolean simple type definition
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
global
Property
Value
schemaLocation
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
An anonymous simple type definition, as follows:
Property
Value
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
The built-in anyURI simple type definition
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
global
Property
Value
noNamespaceSchemaLocation
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance
The built-in anyURI simple type definition
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
global

previous sub-section next sub-section3.3 Element Declarations

Element declarations provide for:

  • Local ·validation· of element information item values using a type definition;
  • Specifying default or fixed values for an element information items;
  • Establishing uniquenesses and reference constraint relationships among the values of related elements and attributes;
  • Controlling the substitutability of elements through the mechanism of ·element substitution groups·.
Example
<xs:element name="PurchaseOrder" type="PurchaseOrderType"/>

<xs:element name="gift">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element name="birthday" type="xs:date"/>
   <xs:element ref="PurchaseOrder"/>
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
XML representations of several different types of element declaration

3.3.1 The Element Declaration Schema Component

The element declaration schema component has the following properties:

The {name} property must match the local part of the names of element information items being ·validated·.

A {scope} with {variety} global identifies element declarations available for use in content models throughout the schema. Locally scoped declarations are available for use only within the complex type identified by the {scope}'s {parent} property. This property is ·absent· in the case of declarations within named model groups: their scope will be determined when they are used in the construction of complex type definitions.

A ·non-absent· value of the {target namespace} property provides for ·validation· of namespace-qualified element information items. ·Absent· values of {target namespace} ·validate· unqualified items.

An element information item is ·valid· only if it satisfies the {type definition}. For such an item, schema information set contributions appropriate to the {type definition} are added to the corresponding element information item in the ·post-schema-validation infoset·.

If {nillable} is true, then an element can also be ·valid· if it carries the namespace qualified attribute with [local name] nil from namespace http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance and value true (see xsi:nil (§2.6.2)) even if it has no text or element content despite a {content type} which would otherwise require content. Formal details of element ·validation· are described in Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4).

{value constraint} establishes a default or fixed value for an element. If a {value constraint} with a {variety} of default is present, and if the element being ·validated· is empty, then the {value constraint}'s {lexical form} becomes the [schema normalized value] of the ·validated· element in the ·post-schema-validation infoset·. If fixed is specified, then the element's content must either be empty, in which case fixed behaves as default, or its value must be intentical to the {value constraint}'s {value}.

Note: The provision of defaults for elements goes beyond what is possible in XML DTDs, and does not exactly correspond to defaults for attributes. In particular, an element with a non-empty {value constraint} whose simple type definition includes the empty string in its lexical space will nonetheless never receive that value, because the {value constraint} will override it.

{identity-constraint definitions} express constraints establishing uniquenesses and reference relationships among the values of related elements and attributes. See Identity-constraint Definitions (§3.11).

Element declarations are potential members of the substitution group, if any, identified by {substitution group affiliation}. Potential membership is transitive but not symmetric; an element declaration is a potential member of any group of which its {substitution group affiliation} is a potential member. Actual membership may be blocked by the effects of {substitution group exclusions} or {disallowed substitutions}, see below.

An empty {substitution group exclusions} allows a declaration to be nominated as the {substitution group affiliation} of other element declarations having the same {type definition} or types derived therefrom. The explicit values of {substitution group exclusions} rule out element declarations having types which are extensions or restrictions respectively of {type definition}. If both values are specified, then the declaration must not be nominated as the {substitution group affiliation} of any other declaration.

The supplied values for {disallowed substitutions} determine whether an element declaration appearing in a ·content model· will be prevented from additionally ·validating· elements (a) with an xsi:type (§2.6.1) that identifies an extension or restriction of the type of the declared element, and/or (b) from ·validating· elements which are in the substitution group headed by the declared element. If {disallowed substitutions} is empty, then all derived types and substitution group members are allowed.

Element declarations for which {abstract} is true can appear in content models only when substitution is allowed; such declarations must not themselves ever be used to ·validate· element content.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.3.2 XML Representation of Element Declaration Schema Components

The XML representation for an element declaration schema component is an <element> element information item. It specifies a type definition for an element either by reference or explicitly, and may provide occurrence and default information. The correspondences between the properties of the information item and properties of the component(s) it corresponds to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: element Element Information Item

<element
  abstract = boolean : false
  block = (#all | List of (extension | restriction | substitution))
  default = string
  final = (#all | List of (extension | restriction))
  fixed = string
  form = (qualified | unqualified)
  id = ID
  maxOccurs = (nonNegativeInteger | unbounded)  : 1
  minOccurs = nonNegativeInteger : 1
  name = NCName
  nillable = boolean : false
  ref = QName
  substitutionGroup = QName
  type = QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, ((simpleType | complexType)?, (unique | key | keyref)*))
</element>

If the <element> element information item has <schema> as its parent, the corresponding schema component is as follows:
Element Declaration Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the name [attribute].
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent <schema> element information item, or ·absent· if there is none.
 
A Scope as follows
Property
Value
global
 
The type definition corresponding to the <simpleType> or <complexType> element information item in the [children], if either is present, otherwise the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the type [attribute], otherwise the {type definition} of the element declaration ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the substitutionGroup [attribute], if present, otherwise the ||·ur-type definition·||||·definition of anyType·||.
 
The ·actual value· of the nillable [attribute], if present, otherwise false.
 
If there is a default or a fixed [attribute], then a Value Constraint as follows, otherwise ·absent·. [Definition:]  Use the name effective simple type definition for the {type definition}, if it is a simple type definition, or, if the {type definition}'s {content type} has {variety} simple, that {content type}'s {simple type definition}, or else the built-in string simple type definition).
Property
Value
either default or fixed, as appropriate
 
A set consisting of the identity-constraint-definitions corresponding to all the <key>, <unique> and <keyref> element information items in the [children], if any, otherwise the empty set.
 
The element declaration ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the substitutionGroup [attribute], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
 
A set depending on the ·actual value· of the block [attribute], if present, otherwise on the ·actual value· of the blockDefault [attribute] of the ancestor <schema> element information item, if present, otherwise on the empty string. Call this the EBV (for effective block value). Then the value of this property is the appropriate case among the following:
1 If the EBV is the empty string, then the empty set;
2 If the EBV is #all, then {extension, restriction, substitution};
3 otherwise a set with members drawn from the set above, each being present or absent depending on whether the ·actual value· (which is a list) contains an equivalently named item.
Note: Although the blockDefault [attribute] of <schema> may include values other than extension, restriction or substitution, those values are ignored in the determination of {disallowed substitutions} for element declarations (they are used elsewhere).
 
As for {disallowed substitutions} above, but using the final and finalDefault [attributes] in place of the block and blockDefault [attributes] and with the relevant set being {extension, restriction}.
 
The ·actual value· of the abstract [attribute], if present, otherwise false.
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
otherwise if the <element> element information item has <complexType> or <group> as an ancestor and the ref [attribute] is absent, the corresponding schema components are as follows (unless minOccurs=maxOccurs=0, in which case the item corresponds to no component at all):
Particle Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the minOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
unbounded, if the maxOccurs [attribute] equals unbounded, otherwise the ·actual value· of the maxOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
A (local) element declaration as given below.
An element declaration as in the first case above, with the exception of its {target namespace} and {scope} properties, which are as below:
Element Declaration Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
If form is present and its ·actual value· is qualified, or if form is absent and the ·actual value· of elementFormDefault on the <schema> ancestor is qualified, then the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent <schema> element information item, or ·absent· if there is none, otherwise ·absent·.
 
A Scope as follows:
Property
Value
If the <element> element information item has <complexType> as an ancestor, the Complex Type Definition corresponding to that item, otherwise (the <element> element information item is within a named <group> definition), ·absent·.
otherwise (the <element> element information item has <complexType> or <group> as an ancestor and the ref [attribute] is present), the corresponding schema component is as follows (unless minOccurs=maxOccurs=0, in which case the item corresponds to no component at all):
Particle Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the minOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
unbounded, if the maxOccurs [attribute] equals unbounded, otherwise the ·actual value· of the maxOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
The (top-level) element declaration ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the ref [attribute].

<element> corresponds to an element declaration, and allows the type definition of that declaration to be specified either by reference or by explicit inclusion.

<element>s within <schema> produce global element declarations; <element>s within <group> or <complexType> produce either particles which contain global element declarations (if there's a ref attribute) or local declarations (otherwise). For complete declarations, top-level or local, the type attribute is used when the declaration can use a built-in or pre-declared type definition. Otherwise an anonymous <simpleType> or <complexType> is provided inline.

Element information items ·validated· by a top-level declaration must be qualified with the {target namespace} of that declaration. If the {target namespace} is ·absent·, the item must be unqualified. Control over whether element information items ·validated· by a local declaration must be similarly qualified or not is provided by the form [attribute], whose default is provided by the elementFormDefault [attribute] on the enclosing <schema>, via its determination of {target namespace}.

As noted above the names for top-level element declarations are in a separate ·symbol space· from the symbol spaces for the names of type definitions, so there can (but need not be) a simple or complex type definition with the same name as a top-level element. As with attribute names, the names of locally-scoped element declarations with no {target namespace} reside in symbol spaces local to the type definition which contains them.

Note that the above allows for two levels of defaulting for unspecified type definitions. An <element> with no referenced or included type definition will correspond to an element declaration which has the same type definition as the head of its substitution group if it identifies one, otherwise the ||·ur-type definition·||||·definition of anyType·||. This has the important consequence that the minimum valid element declaration, that is, one with only a name attribute and no contents, is also (nearly) the most general, validating any combination of text and element content and allowing any attributes, and providing for recursive validation where possible.

See below at XML Representation of Identity-constraint Definition Schema Components (§3.11.2) for <key>, <unique> and <keyref>.

Example
<xs:element name="unconstrained"/>

<xs:element name="emptyElt">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:attribute ...>. . .</xs:attribute>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="contextOne">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element name="myLocalElement" type="myFirstType"/>
   <xs:element ref="globalElement"/>
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="contextTwo">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element name="myLocalElement" type="mySecondType"/>
   <xs:element ref="globalElement"/>
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
The first example above declares an element whose type, by default, is ||the|| ||·ur-type definition·||||·anyType·||. The second uses an embedded anonymous complex type definition.

The last two examples illustrate the use of local element declarations. Instances of myLocalElement within contextOne will be constrained by myFirstType, while those within contextTwo will be constrained by mySecondType.

Note: The possibility that differing attribute declarations and/or content models would apply to elements with the same name in different contexts is an extension beyond the expressive power of a DTD in XML.
Example
 <xs:complexType name="facet">
  <xs:complexContent>
   <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
    <xs:attribute name="value" use="required"/>
   </xs:extension>
  </xs:complexContent>
 </xs:complexType>

 <xs:element name="facet" type="xs:facet" abstract="true"/>

 <xs:element name="encoding" substitutionGroup="xs:facet">
  <xs:complexType>
   <xs:complexContent>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:facet">
     <xs:sequence>
      <xs:element ref="annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
     </xs:sequence>
     <xs:attribute name="value" type="xs:encodings"/>
    </xs:restriction>
   </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
 </xs:element>

 <xs:element name="period" substitutionGroup="xs:facet">
  <xs:complexType>
   <xs:complexContent>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:facet">
     <xs:sequence>
      <xs:element ref="annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
     </xs:sequence>
     <xs:attribute name="value" type="xs:duration"/>
    </xs:restriction>
   </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
 </xs:element>

 <xs:complexType name="datatype">
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element ref="facet" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
  </xs:sequence>
  <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="optional"/>
  . . .
 </xs:complexType>
An example from a previous version of the schema for datatypes. The facet type is defined and the facet element is declared to use it. The facet element is abstract -- it's only defined to stand as the head for a substitution group. Two further elements are declared, each a member of the facet substitution group. Finally a type is defined which refers to facet, thereby allowing either period or encoding (or any other member of the group).

3.3.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Element Declarations

Schema Representation Constraint: Element Declaration Representation OK
In addition to the conditions imposed on <element> element information items by the schema for schemas: all of the following must be true:
1 default and fixed are not both present.
2 If the item's parent is not <schema>, then all of the following are true:
2.1 One of ref or name is present, but not both.
2.2 If ref is present, then all of <complexType>, <simpleType>, <key>, <keyref>, <unique>, nillable, default, fixed, form, block and type are absent, i.e. only minOccurs, maxOccurs, id and <annotation> are allowed to appear together with ref.
3 The <element> element does not have both a <simpleType> or <complexType> child and a type attribute.
4 The corresponding particle and/or element declarations satisfy the conditions set out in Constraints on Element Declaration Schema Components (§3.3.6) and Constraints on Particle Schema Components (§3.9.6).

3.3.4 Element Declaration Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Element Locally Valid (Element)
For an element information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to an element declaration all of the following must be true:
1 The declaration is not ·absent·.
2 Its {abstract} is false.
3 One of the following is true:
3.1 {nillable} is false, and there is no attribute information item among the element information item's [attributes] whose [namespace name] is identical to http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance and whose [local name] is nil.
3.2 {nillable} is true and one of the following is true
3.2.1 There is no such attribute information item.
3.2.2 There is such an attribute information item, and its ·actual value· is false.
3.2.3 There is such an attribute information item, and its ·actual value· is true, and all of the following are true:
3.2.3.1 The element information item has no character or element information item [children].
3.2.3.2 There is no {value constraint} with {variety} fixed.
4 If there is an attribute information item among the element information item's [attributes] whose [namespace name] is identical to http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance and whose [local name] is type, then all of the following are true:
4.1 The ·normalized value· of that attribute information item is ·valid· with respect to the built-in QName simple type, as defined by String Valid (§3.15.4);
4.2 The ·local name· and ·namespace name· (as defined in QName Interpretation (§3.16.3)), of the ·actual value· of that attribute information item resolve to a type definition, as defined in QName resolution (Instance) (§3.16.4)[Definition:]  call this type definition the local type definition;
4.3 The ·local type definition· is validly derived from the {type definition} given the union of the {disallowed substitutions} and the {type definition}'s {prohibited substitutions}, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Complex) (§3.4.6) (if it is a complex type definition), or given {disallowed substitutions} as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6) (if it is a simple type definition).
[Definition:]  The phrase actual type definition occurs below. If the above three clauses are satisfied, this must be understood as referring to the ·local type definition·, otherwise to the {type definition}.
5 The appropriate case among the following is true:
5.1 If the declaration has a {value constraint}, and the item has neither element nor character [children], and clause 3.2 has not applied, then all of the following are true:
5.1.2 The element information item with the {lexical form} of the declaration's {value constraint} used as its ·normalized value· is ·valid· with respect to the ·actual type definition· as defined by Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4).
5.2 If the declaration has no {value constraint}, or the item has either element or character [children], or clause 3.2 has applied, then all of the following are true:
5.2.1 The element information item is ·valid· with respect to the ·actual type definition· as defined by Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4).
5.2.2 If there is a {value constraint} with {variety} fixed and clause 3.2 has not applied, then all of the following are true:
5.2.2.1 The element information item has no element information item [children].
5.2.2.2 The appropriate case among the following must be true:
5.2.2.2.1 If the ·actual type definition· is a Complex Type Definition whose {content type}has {variety} mixed, then the ·initial value· of the item matches the {lexical form} of the declaration's {value constraint}.
5.2.2.2.2 If the ·actual type definition· is a Simple Type Definition or a Complex Type Definition whose {content type} has {variety} simple, then the ·actual value· of the item is identical to the {value constraint}'s {value}.
6 The element information item is ·valid· with respect to each of the {identity-constraint definitions} as per Identity-constraint Satisfied (§3.11.4).
7 If the element information item is the ·validation root·, then it is ·valid· per Validation Root Valid (ID/IDREF) (§3.3.4).
Validation Rule: Element Locally Valid (Type)
For an element information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to a type definition all of the following must be true:
1 The type definition is not ·absent·;
2 It does not have {abstract} with value true.
3 The appropriate case among the following is true:
3.1 If the type definition is a simple type definition, then all of the following are true:
3.1.1 The element information item's [attributes] are empty, excepting those whose [namespace name] is identical to http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance and whose [local name] is one of type, nil, schemaLocation or noNamespaceSchemaLocation.
3.1.2 The element information item has no element information item [children].
3.1.3 If clause 3.2 of Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) did not apply, then the ·normalized value· is ·valid· with respect to the type definition as defined by String Valid (§3.15.4).
3.2 If the type definition is a complex type definition, then the element information item is ·valid· with respect to the type definition as per Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4);
Validation Rule: Validation Root Valid (ID/IDREF)
For an element information item which is the ·validation root· to be ·valid· all of the following must be true:
1 There is no ID/IDREF binding in the item's [ID/IDREF table] whose [binding] is the empty set.
2 There is no ID/IDREF binding in the item's [ID/IDREF table] whose [binding] has more than one member.

See ID/IDREF Table (§3.16.5) for the definition of ID/IDREF binding.

Note: The first clause above applies when there is a reference to an undefined ID. The second applies when there is a multiply-defined ID. They are separated out to ensure that distinct error codes (see Outcome Tabulations (normative) (§C)) are associated with these two cases.
Note: Although this rule applies at the ·validation root·, in practice processors, particularly streaming processors, may wish to detect and signal the clause 2 case as it arises.
Note: This reconstruction of [XML 1.1]'s ID/IDREF functionality is imperfect in that if the ·validation root· is not the document element of an XML document, the results will not necessarily be the same as those a validating parser would give were the document to have a DTD with equivalent declarations.
Validation Rule: Schema-Validity Assessment (Element)
The schema-validity assessment of an element information item depends on its ·validation· and the ·assessment· of its element information item children and associated attribute information items, if any.

So for an element information item's schema-validity to be assessed all of the following must be true:

1 One of the following is true:
1.1 All of the following are true:
1.1.1 A ·non-absent· element declaration is known for it, because one of the following is true
1.1.1.1 A declaration was stipulated by the processor (see Assessing Schema-Validity (§5.2)).
1.1.1.2 A declaration has been established as its ·context-determined declaration·.
1.1.1.3 All of the following are true:
1.1.1.3.1 Its ·context-determined declaration· is not skip.
1.1.1.3.2 Its [local name] and [namespace name] resolve to an element declaration as defined by QName resolution (Instance) (§3.16.4).
1.1.2 Its ·validity· with respect to that declaration has been evaluated as per Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4).
1.1.3 If that evaluation involved the evaluation of Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4), clause 1 thereof is satisfied.
1.2 All of the following are true:
1.2.1 A ·non-absent· type definition is known for it because one of the following is true
1.2.1.1 A type definition was stipulated by the processor (see Assessing Schema-Validity (§5.2)).
1.2.1.2 All of the following are true:
1.2.1.2.1 There is an attribute information item among the element information item's [attributes] whose [namespace name] is identical to http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance and whose [local name] is type.
1.2.1.2.2 The ·normalized value· of that attribute information item is ·valid· with respect to the built-in QName simple type, as defined by String Valid (§3.15.4).
1.2.1.2.3 The ·local name· and ·namespace name· (as defined in QName Interpretation (§3.16.3)), of the ·actual value· of that attribute information item resolve to a type definition, as defined in QName resolution (Instance) (§3.16.4) -- [Definition:]  call this type definition the local type definition.
1.2.1.2.4 If there is also a processor-stipulated type definition, the ·local type definition· is validly derived from that type definition given its {prohibited substitutions}, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Complex) (§3.4.6) (if it is a complex type definition), or given the empty set, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6) (if it is a simple type definition).
1.2.2 The element information item's ·validity· with respect to the ·local type definition· (if present and validly derived) or the processor-stipulated type definition (if no ·local type definition· is present) has been evaluated as per Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4).
2 The schema-validity of all the element information items among its [children] has been assessed as per Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4), and the schema-validity of all the attribute information items among its [attributes] has been assessed as per Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute) (§3.2.4).

[Definition:]  If either case of clause 1 above holds, the element information item has been strictly assessed.

If the item cannot be ·strictly assessed·, because neither clause 1.1 nor clause 1.2 above are satisfied, [Definition:]  an element information item's schema validity must be laxly assessed if and only if its ·context-determined declaration· is not skip by ·validating· with respect to the ||·ur-type definition·||||·definition of anyType·|| as per Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4).

Editorial Note: Priority Feedback Request

In version 1.0 of this specification, the fallback to lax validation described in the preceding paragraph was optional, not required. The XML Schema Working Group solicits input from implementors and users of this specification as to whether this change is desirable and acceptable.

Note: In general if clause 1.1 above holds clause 1.2 does not, and vice versa. When an xsi:type [attribute] is involved, however, clause 1.2 takes precedence, as is made clear in Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4).
Note: The {name} and {target namespace} properties are not mentioned above because they are checked during particle ·validation·, as per Element Sequence Locally Valid (Particle) (§3.9.4.2).

3.3.5 Element Declaration Information Set Contributions

Schema Information Set Contribution: Assessment Outcome (Element)
If and only if the schema-validity of an element information item has been assessed as per Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4), then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· it has properties as follows:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[validation context]
The nearest ancestor element information item with a [schema information] property (or this element item itself if it has such a property).
[validity]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If it was ·strictly assessed·, then the appropriate case among the following:
1.1 If all of the following are true:
1.1.1 One of the following is true:
1.1.2 Neither its [children] nor its [attributes] contains an information item (element or attribute respectively) whose [validity] is invalid.
1.1.3 Neither its [children] nor its [attributes] contains an information item (element or attribute respectively) with a ·context-determined declaration· of mustFind whose [validity] is notKnown.
, then valid;
1.2 otherwise invalid..
2 otherwise notKnown.
[validation attempted]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If it was ·strictly assessed· and neither its [children] nor its [attributes] contains an information item (element or attribute respectively) whose [validation attempted] is not full, then full;
2 If it was not ·strictly assessed· and neither its [children] nor its [attributes] contains an information item (element or attribute respectively) whose [validation attempted] is not none, then none;
3 otherwise partial.
Schema Information Set Contribution: Validation Failure (Element)
If and only if the local ·validity·, as defined by Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) above and/or Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4) below, of an element information item has been assessed, then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the item has a property:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[schema error code]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the item is ·invalid·, then a list. Applications wishing to provide information as to the reason(s) for the ·validation· failure are encouraged to record one or more error codes (see Outcome Tabulations (normative) (§C)) herein.
2 otherwise ·absent·.
Schema Information Set Contribution: Element Declaration
If and only if an element information item is ·valid· with respect to an element declaration as per Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4), then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the element information item has the properties:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[element declaration]
an ·item isomorphic· to the declaration component itself
[nil]
true if clause 3.2 of Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) above is satisfied, otherwise false
Schema Information Set Contribution: Element Validated by Type
If and only if an element information item is ·valid· with respect to a ·type definition· as per Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4), then in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the item has the properties:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[schema normalized value]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If clause 3.2 of Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) and Element Default Value (§3.3.5) above have not applied and either the ·type definition· is a simple type definition or its {content type} has {variety} simple, then the ·normalized value· of the item as ·validated·.
2 otherwise ·absent·.
[type definition]
An ·item isomorphic· to the ·type definition· component itself.
[type definition type]
simple or complex, depending on the ·type definition·.
[type definition namespace]
The {target namespace} of the ·type definition·.
[type definition anonymous]
true if the {name} of the ·type definition· is ·absent·, otherwise false.
[type definition name]
The {name} of the ·type definition·, if ||it||||the {name}|| is not ·absent·. If ||it||||the ·type definition·'s {name} property|| is ·absent·, schema processors may, but need not, provide a value unique to the definition.
Note: The [type definition type], [type definition namespace], [type definition name], and [type definition anonymous] properties are redundant with the [type definition] property; they are defined for the convenience of implementations which wish to expose those specific properties but not the entire type definition.
If the ·type definition· is a simple type definition with {variety} union, or its {content type} has {variety} simple and {simple type definition} a simple type definition with {variety} union, then calling [Definition:]   that basic member of its transitive membership which actually ·validated· the element item's ·normalized value· the actual member type definition, there are four additional properties:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
The first (·item isomorphic·) alternative above is provided for applications such as query processors which need access to the full range of details about an item's ·assessment·, for example the type hierarchy; the second, for lighter-weight processors for whom representing the significant parts of the type hierarchy as information items might be a significant burden.

Also, if the declaration has a {value constraint}, the item has a property:

PSVI Contributions for element information items
Note that if an element is ·laxly assessed·, then the [type definition] and [member type definition] properties, or their alternatives, are based on the ||·ur-type definition·||||·definition of anyType·||.
Schema Information Set Contribution: Element Default Value
If and only if the local ·validity·, as defined by Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) above, of an element information item has been assessed, in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· the item has a property:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[schema specified]
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the item is ·valid· with respect to an element declaration as per Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) and the {value constraint} is present, but clause 3.2 of Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) above is not satisfied and the item has no element or character information item [children], then schema. Furthermore, the ·post-schema-validation infoset· has the {lexical form} of the {value constraint} as the item's [schema normalized value] property.
2 otherwise infoset.

3.3.6 Constraints on Element Declaration Schema Components

All element declarations (see Element Declarations (§3.3)) must satisfy the following constraint.

Schema Component Constraint: Element Declaration Properties Correct
All of the following must be true:
2 If there is a {value constraint}, it is a valid default with respect to the {type definition} as defined in Element Default Valid (Immediate) (§3.3.6).
4 If there is a {substitution group affiliation}, the {type definition} of the element declaration is validly derived from the {type definition} of the {substitution group affiliation}, given the value of the {substitution group exclusions} of the {substitution group affiliation}, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Complex) (§3.4.6) (if the {type definition} is complex) or as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6) (if the {type definition} is simple).
5 If the {type definition} or {type definition}'s {content type}'s {simple type definition} is or is constructed from ID, then there is no {value constraint}.
Note: The use of ID as a type definition for elements goes beyond XML, and should be avoided if backwards compatibility is desired.
6 There are no circular substitution groups. That is, it is not possible to return to an element declaration by repeatedly following the {substitution group affiliation} property.

The following constraints define relations appealed to elsewhere in this specification.

Schema Component Constraint: Element Default Valid (Immediate)
For a Value Constraint to be a valid default with respect to a type definition the appropriate case among the following must be true:
1 If the type definition is a simple type definitionor a complex type definition whose {content type} has {variety} simple type definition, then the Value Constraint is a valid default with respect to the {content type}'s {simple type definition} as defined by Simple Default Valid (§3.2.6).
2 If the type definition is a complex type definition whose {content type}'s {variety} is not simple type definition, then all of the following are true:
Schema Component Constraint: Substitution Group OK (Transitive)
For an element declaration (call it D) to be validly substitutable for another element declaration (call it C) subject to a blocking constraint (a subset of {substitution, extension, restriction}, the value of a {disallowed substitutions}) one of the following must be true:
1 D and C are the same element declaration.
2 All of the following are true:
2.1 The blocking constraint does not contain substitution.
2.2 There is a chain of {substitution group affiliation}s from D to C, that is, either D's {substitution group affiliation} is C, or D's {substitution group affiliation}'s {substitution group affiliation} is C, or . . .
2.3 The set of all {derivation method}s involved in the derivation of D's {type definition} from C's {type definition} does not intersect with the union of the blocking constraint, C's {prohibited substitutions} (if C is complex, otherwise the empty set) and the {prohibited substitutions} (respectively the empty set) of any intermediate {type definition}s in the derivation of D's {type definition} from C's {type definition}.

[Definition:]  One element declaration is validly substitutable for another if together they satisfy constraint Substitution Group OK (Transitive) (§3.3.6).

Schema Component Constraint: Substitution Group
[Definition:]  Every element declaration (call this HEAD) in the {element declarations} of a schema defines a substitution group, a subset of those {element declarations}, as follows:

Define P, the potential substitution group for HEAD, as follows:

1 The element declaration itself is in P;
2 P is closed with respect to {substitution group affiliation}, that is, if any element declaration in the {element declarations} has a {substitution group affiliation} in P, then that element is also in P itself.
HEAD's actual ·substitution group· is then the set consisting of each member of P such that all of the following are true:
1 Its {abstract} is false.
2 It is validly substitutable for HEAD subject to HEAD's {disallowed substitutions} as the blocking constraint, as defined in Substitution Group OK (Transitive) (§3.3.6).

previous sub-section next sub-section3.4 Complex Type Definitions

Complex Type Definitions provide for:

Issue (RQ-36i): Issue 2857 (RQ-7 wildcards), Issue 2860 (RQ-36 local references), Issue 2544 (RQ-146 element declarations consistent)

Although extremely useful, wildcards have proved to interact in unfortunate ways with the Unique Particle Attribution and Element Declarations Consistent constraints, and this has limited their utility, particularly for use in allowing for extension and anticipating subsequent versions. The interpretation of wildcards will be changed to address these problems, without compromising backward compatibility.

Example
<xs:complexType name="PurchaseOrderType">
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element name="shipTo" type="USAddress"/>
   <xs:element name="billTo" type="USAddress"/>
   <xs:element ref="comment" minOccurs="0"/>
   <xs:element name="items"  type="Items"/>
  </xs:sequence>
  <xs:attribute name="orderDate" type="xs:date"/>
 </xs:complexType>
The XML representation of a complex type definition.

3.4.1 The Complex Type Definition Schema Component

A complex type definition schema component has the following properties:

Property Record: Content Type
{particle}
A Particle component. Required if {variety} is element-only or mixed, otherwise must be ·absent·.
{simple type definition}
A Simple Type Definition component. Required if {variety} is simple, otherwise must be ·absent·.
Issue (RQ-131i): Issue 2841 (RQ-131 ordering of annotations), Issue 2840 (RQ-130 lost annotations), Issue 2851 (RQ-19 annotations in PSVI)

Version 1.0 was inconsistent in providing for multiple sources of annotation, particularly where components corresponded to multiple nested elements in schema documents (e.g. Complex Type Definitions vis a vis xs:complexType, xs:complexContent and xs:restriction). This will change so that all components can have multiple annotations, and annotations will be handled consistently across all kinds of components.

Also applies anywhere else {annotations} plural appears — everywhere, in fact.

Resolution:

  1. All components have an {annotations} property;
  2. It contains a sequence of annotations;
  3. Namely all annotations "scoped" by this component, but not "scoped" by any other component "further down".
  4. The order of annotations within {annotations} is implementation-determined.

Note that when point 3 above mentions "annotations 'scoped' by . . ." this means <annotation> elements and out-of-band attributes.

[Agendum 4.1 SCD-related requirements (W3C-member-only link)]

Complex type definitions are identified by their {name} and {target namespace}. Except for anonymous complex type definitions (those with no {name}), since type definitions (i.e. both simple and complex type definitions taken together) must be uniquely identified within an ·XML Schema·, no complex type definition can have the same name as another simple or complex type definition. Complex type {name}s and {target namespace}s are provided for reference from instances (see xsi:type (§2.6.1)), and for use in the XML representation of schema components (specifically in <element>). See References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3) for the use of component identifiers when importing one schema into another.

Note: The {name} of a complex type is not ipso facto the [(local) name] of the element information items ·validated· by that definition. The connection between a name and a type definition is described in Element Declarations (§3.3).

As described in Type Definition Hierarchy (§2.2.1.1), each complex type is derived from a {base type definition} which is itself either a Simple Type Definition (§2.2.1.2) or a Complex Type Definition (§2.2.1.3). {derivation method} specifies the means of derivation as either extension or restriction (see Type Definition Hierarchy (§2.2.1.1)).

A complex type with an empty specification for {final} can be used as a {base type definition} for other types derived by either of extension or restriction; the explicit values extension, and restriction prevent further derivations by extension and restriction respectively. If all values are specified, then [Definition:]  the complex type is said to be final, because no further derivations are possible. Finality is not inherited, that is, a type definition derived by restriction from a type definition which is final for extension is not itself, in the absence of any explicit final attribute of its own, final for anything.

The {context} property is only relevant for anonymous type definitions, for which its value is the component in which this type definition appears as the value of a property, e.g. {type definition}.

Complex types for which {abstract} is true must not be used as the {type definition} for the ·validation· of element information items. It follows that they must not be referenced from an xsi:type (§2.6.1) attribute in an instance document. Abstract complex types can be used as {base type definition}s, or even as the {type definition}s of element declarations, provided in every case a concrete derived type definition is used for ·validation·, either via xsi:type (§2.6.1) or the operation of a substitution group.

{attribute uses} are a set of attribute uses. See Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4) and Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4) for details of attribute ·validation·.

{attribute wildcard}s provide a more flexible specification for ·validation· of attributes not explicitly included in {attribute uses}. See Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4), The Wildcard Schema Component (§3.10.1) and Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4) for formal details of attribute wildcard ·validation·.

{content type} determines the ·validation· of [children] of element information items. Informally:

{prohibited substitutions} determine whether an element declaration appearing in a · content model· is prevented from additionally ·validating· element items with an xsi:type (§2.6.1) attribute that identifies a complex type definition derived by extension or restriction from this definition, or element items in a substitution group whose type definition is similarly derived: If {prohibited substitutions} is empty, then all such substitutions are allowed, otherwise, the derivation method(s) it names are disallowed.

{assertions} constrain elements and attributes to exist, not to exist, or to have specified values. Though specified as a sequence, the order among the assertions is not significant during assessment. See Assertions (§3.12).

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.4.2 XML Representation of Complex Type Definitions

The XML representation for a complex type definition schema component is a <complexType> element information item.

The XML representation for complex type definitions with a {content type}with {variety} simple is significantly different from that of those with other {content type}s, and this is reflected in the presentation below, which displays first the elements involved in the first case, then those for the second. The property mapping is shown once for each case.

XML Representation Summary: complexType Element Information Item

<complexType
  abstract = boolean : false
  block = (#all | List of (extension | restriction))
  final = (#all | List of (extension | restriction))
  id = ID
  mixed = boolean : false
  name = NCName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (simpleContent | complexContent | ((group | all | choice | sequence)?, ((attribute | attributeGroup)*, anyAttribute?), (assert | report)*)))
</complexType>

Whichever alternative for the content of <complexType> is chosen, the following property mappings apply:
Complex Type Definition Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the name [attribute] if present, otherwise ·absent·.
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the <schema> ancestor element information item if present, otherwise ·absent·.
 
The ·actual value· of the abstract [attribute], if present, otherwise false.
 
A set corresponding to the ·actual value· of the block [attribute], if present, otherwise on the ·actual value· of the blockDefault [attribute] of the ancestor <schema> element information item, if present, otherwise on the empty string. Call this the EBV (for effective block value). Then the value of this property is the appropriate case among the following:
1 If the EBV is the empty string, then the empty set;
2 If the EBV is #all, then {extension, restriction};
3 otherwise a set with members drawn from the set above, each being present or absent depending on whether the ·actual value· (which is a list) contains an equivalently named item.
Note: Although the blockDefault [attribute] of <schema> may include values other than restriction orextension, those values are ignored in the determination of {prohibited substitutions} for complex type definitions (they are used elsewhere).
 
As for {prohibited substitutions} above, but using the final and finalDefault [attributes] in place of the block and blockDefault [attributes].
 
If the name [attribute] is present, then ·absent·, otherwise (the parent element information item will be <element>), the Element Declaration corresponding to that parent information item.
 
A sequence whose members are Assertions drawn from the following sources, in order:
2 Assertions corresponding to all the <assert> and <report> element information items among the [children], if any, in order.
 
The annotations corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, in the <simpleContent> and <complexContent> [children], if present, and in their <restriction> and <extension> [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
When the <simpleContent> alternative is chosen, the following elements are relevant, and the remaining property mappings are as below. Note that either <restriction> or <extension> must be chosen as the content of <simpleContent>.

<simpleContent
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (restriction | extension))
</simpleContent>

<restriction
  base = QName
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (simpleType?, (minExclusive | minInclusive | maxExclusive | maxInclusive | totalDigits | fractionDigits | maxScale | minScale | length | minLength | maxLength | enumeration | whiteSpace | pattern)*)?, ((attribute | attributeGroup)*, anyAttribute?), (assert | report)*)
</restriction>

<extension
  base = QName
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, ((attribute | attributeGroup)*, anyAttribute?), (assert | report)*)
</extension>

<attributeGroup
  id = ID
  ref = QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</attributeGroup>

<anyAttribute
  id = ID
  namespace = ((##any | ##other) | List of (anyURI | (##targetNamespace | ##local)) )
  notNamespace = List of (anyURI | (##targetNamespace | ##local))
  notQName = List of QName
  processContents = (lax | skip | strict) : strict
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</anyAttribute>

Property
Representation
 
The type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute]
 
If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then restriction, otherwise (the <extension> alternative is chosen) extension.
 
A union of sets of attribute uses as follows
1 The set of attribute uses corresponding to the <attribute> [children], if any.
2 The {attribute uses} of the attribute groups ·resolved· to by the ·actual value·s of the ref [attribute] of the <attributeGroup> [children], if any.
3 if the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is a complex type definition, the {attribute uses} of that type definition, unless the <restriction> alternative is chosen, in which case some members of that type definition's {attribute uses} must not be included, namely those whose {attribute declaration}'s {name} and {target namespace} are the same as one of the following:
3.1 the {name} and {target namespace} of the {attribute declaration} of an attribute use in the set per clause 1 or clause 2 above;
3.2 what would have been the {name} and {target namespace} of the {attribute declaration} of an attribute use in the set per clause 1 above but for the ·actual value· of the use [attribute] of the relevant <attribute> among the [children] of <restriction> being prohibited.
 
1 [Definition:]  Let the local wildcard be defined as the appropriate case among the following:
1.1 If there is an <anyAttribute> present, then a wildcard based on the ·actual value·s of its [attributes] and the <annotation> [children], exactly as for the wildcard corresponding to an <any> element as set out in XML Representation of Wildcard Schema Components (§3.10.2);
1.2 otherwise ·absent·.
2 [Definition:]  Let the complete wildcard be defined as the appropriate case among the following:
2.1 If there are no <attributeGroup> [children] corresponding to attribute groups with ·non-absent· {attribute wildcard}s, then the ·local wildcard·.
2.2 If there are one or more <attributeGroup> [children] corresponding to attribute groups with ·non-absent· {attribute wildcard}s, then the appropriate case among the following:
2.2.1 If there is an <anyAttribute> present, then a wildcard whose {process contents} and {annotations} are those of the ·local wildcard·, and whose {namespace constraint} is the intensional intersection of the {namespace constraint} of the ·local wildcard· and of the {namespace constraint}s of all the ·non-absent· {attribute wildcard}s of the attribute groups corresponding to the <attributeGroup> [children], as defined in Attribute Wildcard Intersection (§3.10.6).
2.2.2 If there is no <anyAttribute> present, then a wildcard whose properties are as follows:
The {process contents} of the first ·non-absent· {attribute wildcard} of an attribute group among the attribute groups corresponding to the <attributeGroup> [children].
The intensional intersection of the {namespace constraint}s of all the ·non-absent· {attribute wildcard}s of the attribute groups corresponding to the <attributeGroup> [children], as defined in Attribute Wildcard Intersection (§3.10.6).
3 The value is then determined by the appropriate case among the following:
3.1 If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then the ·complete wildcard·;
3.2 If the <extension> alternative is chosen, then
3.2.1 [Definition:]  let the base wildcard be defined as the appropriate case among the following:
3.2.1.1 If the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is a complex type definition with an {attribute wildcard}, then that {attribute wildcard}.
3.2.1.2 otherwise ·absent·.
3.2.2 The value is then determined by the appropriate case among the following:
3.2.2.1 If the ·base wildcard· is ·non-absent· , then the appropriate case among the following:
3.2.2.1.1 If the ·complete wildcard· is ·absent·, then the ·base wildcard·.
3.2.2.1.2 otherwise a wildcard whose {process contents} and {annotations} are those of the ·complete wildcard·, and whose {namespace constraint} is the intensional union of the {namespace constraint} of the ·complete wildcard· and of the ·base wildcard·, as defined in Attribute Wildcard Union (§3.10.6).
3.2.2.2 otherwise (the ·base wildcard· is ·absent·) the ·complete wildcard·
 
A Content Type as follows:
Property
Value
simple
the appropriate case among the following:
1 If the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is a complex type definition whose own {content type} has {variety} simple and the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then starting from either
1.1 the simple type definition corresponding to the <simpleType> among the [children] of <restriction> if there is one;
1.2 otherwise (<restriction> has no <simpleType> among its [children]), the simple type definition which is the {simple type definition} of the {content type} of the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute]
a simple type definition which restricts the simple type definition identified in clause 1.1 or clause 1.2 with a set of facet components corresponding to the appropriate element information items among the <restriction>'s [children] (i.e. those which specify facets, if any), as defined in Simple Type Restriction (Facets) (§3.15.6);
2 If the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is a complex type definition whose own {content type} has {variety} mixed and {particle} a Particle which is ·emptiable·, as defined in Particle Emptiable (§3.9.6) and the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then starting from the simple type definition corresponding to the <simpleType> among the [children] of <restriction> (which must be present) a simple type definition which restricts that simple type definition with a set of facet components corresponding to the appropriate element information items among the <restriction>'s [children] (i.e. those which specify facets, if any), as defined in Simple Type Restriction (Facets) (§3.15.6);
3 If the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is a complex type definition (whose own {content type} must have {variety} simple, see below) and the <extension> alternative is chosen, then the {simple type definition} of the {content type} of that complex type definition;
4 otherwise (the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is a simple type definition and the <extension> alternative is chosen), then that simple type definition.
When the <complexContent> alternative is chosen, the following elements are relevant (as are the <attributeGroup> and <anyAttribute> elements, not repeated here), and the additional property mappings are as below. Note that either <restriction> or <extension> must be chosen as the content of <complexContent>, but their content models are different in this case from the case above when they occur as children of <simpleContent>.
The property mappings below are also used in the case where the third alternative (neither <simpleContent> nor <complexContent>) is chosen. This case is understood as shorthand for complex content restricting the ·ur-type definition·, and the details of the mappings must be modified as necessary.

<complexContent
  id = ID
  mixed = boolean
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (restriction | extension))
</complexContent>

<restriction
  base = QName
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (group | all | choice | sequence)?, ((attribute | attributeGroup)*, anyAttribute?), (assert | report)*)
</restriction>

<extension
  base = QName
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, ((group | all | choice | sequence)?, ((attribute | attributeGroup)*, anyAttribute?), (assert | report)*))
</extension>

Property
Representation
 
The type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute]
 
If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then restriction, otherwise (the <extension> alternative is chosen) extension.
 
A union of sets of attribute uses as follows:
1 The set of attribute uses corresponding to the <attribute> [children], if any.
2 The {attribute uses} of the attribute groups ·resolved· to by the ·actual value·s of the ref [attribute] of the <attributeGroup> [children], if any.
3 The {attribute uses} of the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute], unless the <restriction> alternative is chosen, in which case some members of that type definition's {attribute uses} must not be included, namely those whose {attribute declaration}'s {name} and {target namespace} are the same as one of the following:
3.1 The {name} and {target namespace} of the {attribute declaration} of an attribute use in the set per clause 1 or clause 2 above;
3.2 what would have been the {name} and {target namespace} of the {attribute declaration} of an attribute use in the set per clause 1 above but for the ·actual value· of the use [attribute] of the relevant <attribute> among the [children] of <restriction> being prohibited.
 
As above for the <simpleContent> alternative.
 
1 [Definition:]  Let the effective mixed be the appropriate case among the following:
1.1 If the mixed [attribute] is present on <complexContent>, then its ·actual value·;
1.2 If the mixed [attribute] is present on <complexType>, then its ·actual value·;
1.3 otherwise false.
2 [Definition:]  Let the effective content be the appropriate case among the following:
2.1 If one of the following is true
2.1.1 There is no <group>, <all>, <choice> or <sequence> among the [children];
2.1.2 There is an <all> or <sequence> among the [children] with no [children] of its own excluding <annotation>;
2.1.3 There is a <choice> among the [children] with no [children] of its own excluding <annotation> whose minOccurs [attribute] has the ·actual value· 0;
, then the appropriate case among the following:
2.1.4 If the ·effective mixed· is true, then A particle whose properties are as follows:
A model group whose {compositor} is sequence and whose {particles} is empty.
.
2.1.5 otherwise empty
2.2 otherwise the particle corresponding to the <all>, <choice>, <group> or <sequence> among the [children].
3 Then the value of the property is the appropriate case among the following:
3.1 If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then the appropriate case among the following:
3.1.1 If the ·effective content· is empty , then a Content Type as follows:
3.1.2 otherwise a Content Type as follows:
Property
Value
mixed if the ·effective mixed· is true, otherwise elementOnly
3.2 If the <extension> alternative is chosen, then the appropriate case among the following:
3.2.1 If the ·effective content· is empty, then the {content type} of the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute]
3.2.2 If the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] has a {content type} with {variety} empty or simple, then a Content Type as per clause 3.1.2 above;
3.2.3 otherwise a Content Type as follows:
Property
Value
mixed if the ·effective mixed· is true, otherwise elementOnly
a Particle whose properties are as follows:
A model group whose {compositor} is sequence and whose {particles} are the particle of the {content type} of the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] followed by the ·effective content·.
Note: If the {base type definition} is a complex type definition, then the {assertions} always contain members of the {assertions} of the {base type definition}, no matter which alternatives are chosen in the XML representation, <simpleContent> or <complexContent>, <restriction> or <extension>.
Note: Aside from the simple coherence requirements enforced above, constraining type definitions identified as restrictions to actually be restrictions, that is, to ·validate· a subset of the items which are ·validated· by their base type definition, is enforced in Constraints on Complex Type Definition Schema Components (§3.4.6).
Note: The only substantive function of the value prohibited for the use attribute of an <attribute> is in establishing the correspondence between a complex type defined by restriction and its XML representation. It serves to prevent inheritance of an identically named attribute use from the {base type definition}. Such an <attribute> does not correspond to any component, and hence there is no interaction with either explicit or inherited wildcards in the operation of Complex Type Definition Validation Rules (§3.4.4) or Constraints on Complex Type Definition Schema Components (§3.4.6).

Careful consideration of the above concrete syntax reveals that a type definition need consist of no more than a name, i.e. that <complexType name="anyThing"/> is allowed.

Example
<xs:complexType name="length1">
 <xs:simpleContent>
  <xs:extension base="xs:nonNegativeInteger">
   <xs:attribute name="unit" type="xs:NMTOKEN"/>
  </xs:extension>
 </xs:simpleContent>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element name="width" type="length1"/>

  <width unit="cm">25</width>

<xs:complexType name="length2">
 <xs:complexContent>
  <xs:restriction base="
     ||xs:anyType||
     ||xs:rootType||
     ">
   <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="size" type="xs:nonNegativeInteger"/>
    <xs:element name="unit" type="xs:NMTOKEN"/>
   </xs:sequence>
  </xs:restriction>
 </xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element name="depth" type="length2"/>

  <depth>
   <size>25</size><unit>cm</unit>
  </depth>

<xs:complexType name="length3">
 <xs:sequence>
  <xs:element name="size" type="xs:nonNegativeInteger"/>
  <xs:element name="unit" type="xs:NMTOKEN"/>
 </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
    
Three approaches to defining a type for length: one with character data content constrained by reference to a built-in datatype, and one attribute, the other two using two elements. length3 is the abbreviated alternative to length2: they correspond to identical type definition components.
Example
<xs:complexType name="personName">
 <xs:sequence>
  <xs:element name="title" minOccurs="0"/>
  <xs:element name="forename" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
  <xs:element name="surname"/>
 </xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:complexType name="extendedName">
 <xs:complexContent>
  <xs:extension base="personName">
   <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="generation" minOccurs="0"/>
   </xs:sequence>
  </xs:extension>
 </xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element name="addressee" type="extendedName"/>

  <addressee>
   <forename>Albert</forename>
   <forename>Arnold</forename>
   <surname>Gore</surname>
   <generation>Jr</generation>
  </addressee>
A type definition for personal names, and a definition derived by extension which adds a single element; an element declaration referencing the derived definition, and a ·valid· instance thereof.
Example
<xs:complexType name="simpleName">
 <xs:complexContent>
  <xs:restriction base="personName">
   <xs:sequence>
    <xs:element name="forename" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1"/>
    <xs:element name="surname"/>
   </xs:sequence>
  </xs:restriction>
 </xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:element name="who" type="simpleName"/>

   <who>
    <forename>Bill</forename>
    <surname>Clinton</surname>
   </who>
A simplified type definition derived from the base type from the previous example by restriction, eliminating one optional daughter and fixing another to occur exactly once; an element declared by reference to it, and a ·valid· instance thereof.
Example
<xs:complexType name="paraType" mixed="true">
 <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
  <xs:element ref="emph"/>
  <xs:element ref="strong"/>
 </xs:choice>
 <xs:attribute name="version" type="xs:decimal"/>
</xs:complexType>
A further illustration of the abbreviated form, with the mixed attribute appearing on complexType itself.

3.4.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Complex Type Definitions

Schema Representation Constraint: Complex Type Definition Representation OK
In addition to the conditions imposed on <complexType> element information items by the schema for schemas, all of the following also apply:
1 If the <complexContent> alternative is chosen, the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] must be a complex type definition;
2 If the <simpleContent> alternative is chosen, all of the following must be true:
2.1 The type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] is one of the following:
2.1.1 a complex type definition whose {content type} has {variety} simple;
2.1.2 only if the <restriction> alternative is also chosen, a complex type definition whose {content type} has {variety} mixed and {particle} a Particle which is ·emptiable·, as defined in Particle Emptiable (§3.9.6);
2.1.3 only if the <extension> alternative is also chosen, a simple type definition.
2.2 If clause 2.1.2 above is satisfied, then there is a <simpleType> among the [children] of <restriction>.
Note: Although not explicitly ruled out either here or in Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A), specifying <xs:complexType . . .mixed='true' when the <simpleContent> alternative is chosen has no effect on the corresponding component, and should be avoided. This may be ruled out in a subsequent version of this specification.
3 The corresponding complex type definition component must satisfy the conditions set out in Constraints on Complex Type Definition Schema Components (§3.4.6);

3.4.4 Complex Type Definition Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Element Locally Valid (Complex Type)
For an element information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to a complex type definition all of the following must be true:
1 If clause 3.2 of Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) did not apply, then the appropriate case among the following is true:
1.1 If the {content type} has {variety} empty, then the element information item has no character or element information item [children].
1.2 If the {content type} has {variety} simple, then the element information item has no element information item [children], and the ·normalized value· of the element information item is ·valid· with respect to the {content type}'s {simple type definition} as defined by String Valid (§3.15.4).
1.3 If the {content type} has {variety} element-only, then the element information item has no character information item [children] other than those whose [character code] is defined as a white space in [XML 1.1].
Note: It is implementation-defined whether a schema processor supports the definition of white space from [XML 1.1], or that from [XML 1.0], or both.
1.4 If the {content type} has {variety} element-only or mixed, then the sequence of the element information item's element information item [children], if any, taken in order, is ·valid· with respect to the {content type}'s {particle}, as defined in Element Sequence Locally Valid (Particle) (§3.9.4.2).
2 For each attribute information item in the element information item's [attributes] excepting those whose [namespace name] is identical to http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance and whose [local name] is one of type, nil, schemaLocation or noNamespaceSchemaLocation, the appropriate case among the following is true:
2.1 If there is among the {attribute uses} an attribute use with an {attribute declaration} whose {name} matches the attribute information item's [local name] and whose {target namespace} is identical to the attribute information item's [namespace name] (where an ·absent· {target namespace} is taken to be identical to a [namespace name] with no value), then the attribute information is ·valid· with respect to that attribute use as per Attribute Locally Valid (Use) (§3.5.4). In this case the {attribute declaration} of that attribute use is the ·context-determined declaration· for the attribute information item with respect to Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute) (§3.2.4) and Assessment Outcome (Attribute) (§3.2.5).
2.2 otherwise all of the following are true:
2.2.1 There is an {attribute wildcard}.
2.2.2 The attribute information item is ·valid· with respect to it as defined in Item Valid (Wildcard) (§3.10.4).
3 The {attribute declaration} of each attribute use in the {attribute uses} whose {required} is true matches one of the attribute information items in the element information item's [attributes] as per clause 2.1 above.
4 Let [Definition:]  the wild IDs be the set of all attribute information items to which clause 2.2 applied and whose ·validation· resulted in a ·context-determined declaration· of mustFind or no ·context-determined declaration· at all, and whose [local name] and [namespace name] resolve (as defined by QName resolution (Instance) (§3.16.4)) to an attribute declaration whose {type definition} is or is constructed from ID. Then all of the following are true:
4.1 There is no more than one item in ·wild IDs·.
4.2 If ·wild IDs· is non-empty, there are no attribute uses among the {attribute uses} whose {attribute declaration}'s {type definition} is or is constructed from ID.
Note: This clause serves to ensure that even via attribute wildcards no element has more than one attribute of type ID, and that even when an element legitimately lacks a declared attribute of type ID, a wildcard-validated attribute must not supply it. That is, if an element has a type whose attribute declarations include one of type ID, it either has that attribute or no attribute of type ID.
5 The element information item is ·valid· with respect to each of the {assertions} as per Assertion Satisfied (§3.12.4).
Note: When an {attribute wildcard} is present, this does not introduce any ambiguity with respect to how attribute information items for which an attribute use is present amongst the {attribute uses} whose name and target namespace match are ·assessed·. In such cases the attribute use always takes precedence, and the ·assessment· of such items stands or falls entirely on the basis of the attribute use and its {attribute declaration}. This follows from the details of clause 2.

3.4.5 Complex Type Definition Information Set Contributions

Schema Information Set Contribution: Attribute Default Value
For each attribute use in the {attribute uses} whose {required} is false and whose {value constraint} is not ·absent· but whose {attribute declaration} does not match one of the attribute information items in the element information item's [attributes] as per clause 2.1 of Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4) above, the ·post-schema-validation infoset· has an attribute information item whose properties are as below added to the [attributes] of the element information item.
Issue (RQ-22i):Issue 2852 (RQ-22 add normalized default)

Constructed default attribute information items in the PSVI did not have a [normalized value] property, only a [schema normalized value], making them incompatible with ordinary attribute infoitems. On balance, it seems sensible to correct this.

Resolution:

Add a [normalized value] property to the constructed attribute infoitem which arises when a default value is applied.

The added items must also either have [type definition] (and [member type definition] if appropriate) properties, or their lighter-weight alternatives, as specified in Attribute Validated by Type (§3.2.5).

3.4.6 Constraints on Complex Type Definition Schema Components

All complex type definitions (see Complex Type Definitions (§3.4)) must satisfy the following constraints.

Schema Component Constraint: Complex Type Definition Properties Correct
All of the following must be true:
2 If the {base type definition} is a simple type definition, the {derivation method} is extension.
3 There are no circular definitions, except for that of rootType. That is, it is possible to reach the ||·ur-type definition·||||definition of rootType|| by repeatedly following the {base type definition}.
4 No two distinct attribute declarations in the {attribute uses} have identical {name}s and {target namespace}s.
5 No two distinct attribute declarations in the {attribute uses} have {type definition}s which are or are constructed from ID.
Schema Component Constraint: Derivation Valid (Extension)
If the {derivation method} is extension, then the appropriate case among the following must be true:
1 If the {base type definition} is a complex type definition, then all of the following are true:
1.1 The {final} of the {base type definition} does not contain extension.
1.2 Its {attribute uses} is a subset of the {attribute uses} of the complex type definition itself. That is, for every attribute use in the {attribute uses} of the {base type definition}, there is an attribute use in the {attribute uses} of the complex type definition itself whose {attribute declaration} has the same {name}, {target namespace} and {type definition} as its attribute declaration.
1.3 If it has an {attribute wildcard}, then the complex type definition also has one, and the base type definition's {attribute wildcard}'s {namespace constraint} is a subset of the complex type definition's {attribute wildcard}'s {namespace constraint}, as defined by Wildcard Subset (§3.10.6).
1.4 One of the following is true:
1.4.1 The {content type} of the {base type definition} and the {content type} of the complex type definition itself both have {variety} simple and {simple type definition} the same simple type definition.
1.4.2 The {content type} of both the {base type definition} and the complex type definition itself have {variety} empty.
1.4.3 All of the following are true:
1.4.3.1 The {content type} of the complex type definition itself has {variety} element-only or mixed.
1.4.3.2 One of the following is true:
1.4.3.2.1 The {content type} of the {base type definition} has {variety} empty.
1.4.3.2.2 All of the following are true:
1.4.3.2.2.1 Both {content type}s have {variety} mixed or both have {variety} element-only.
1.4.3.2.2.2 The {particle} of the {content type} of the complex type definition is a ·valid extension· of the {base type definition}'s {content type}'s {particle}, as defined in Particle Valid (Extension) (§3.9.6).
1.5 It is in principle possible to derive the complex type definition in two steps, the first an extension and the second a restriction (possibly vacuous), from that type definition among its ancestors whose {base type definition} is the ·ur-type definition·.
Note: This requirement ensures that nothing removed by a restriction is subsequently added back by an extension. It is trivial to check if the extension in question is the only extension in its derivation, or if there are no restrictions bar the first from the ·ur-type definition·.

Constructing the intermediate type definition to check this constraint is straightforward: simply re-order the derivation to put all the extension steps first, then collapse them into a single extension. If the resulting definition can be the basis for a valid restriction to the desired definition, the constraint is satisfied.

1.6 The {assertions} of the {base type definition} is a prefix of the {assertions} of the complex type definition itself.
2 If the {base type definition} is a simple type definition, then all of the following are true:
2.1 The {content type}'s {variety} is simple and its {simple type definition} is the same simple type definition.
2.2 The {final} of the {base type definition} does not contain extension.
.

[Definition:]   A complex type T is a valid extension of its {base type definition} if and only if T has a {derivation method} of extension and satisfies the constraint Derivation Valid (Extension) (§3.4.6).

Schema Component Constraint: Derivation Valid (Restriction, Complex)
If the {derivation method} is restriction all of the following must be true:
1 The {base type definition} is a complex type definition whose {final} does not contain restriction.
2
||
For each attribute use (call this R) in the {attribute uses} the appropriate case among the following is true:
2.1 If there is an attribute use in the {attribute uses} of the {base type definition} (call this B) whose {attribute declaration} has the same {name} and {target namespace}, then all of the following are true:
2.1.1 one of the following is true
2.1.1.1 B's {required} is false.
2.1.1.2 R's {required} is true.
2.1.2 R's {attribute declaration}'s {type definition} is validly derived from B's {type definition} given the empty set as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
2.1.3 [Definition:]  Let the effective value constraint of an attribute use be its {value constraint}, if present, otherwise its {attribute declaration}'s {value constraint} . Then one of the following is true
2.1.3.1 B's ·effective value constraint· is ·absent· or has {variety} default.
2.1.3.2 R's ·effective value constraint· has {variety} fixed and {value} identical to B's.
2.2 otherwise the {base type definition} has an {attribute wildcard} and the ({target namespace}, {name}) pair of R's {attribute declaration} is ·valid· with respect to that wildcard, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4).
||
3
||
For each attribute use in the {attribute uses} of the {base type definition} whose {required} is true, there is an attribute use with an {attribute declaration} with the same {name} and {target namespace} as its {attribute declaration} in the {attribute uses} of the complex type definition itself whose {required} is true.
||
4
||
If there is an {attribute wildcard}, all of the following are true:
4.1 The {base type definition} also has one.
4.3 Unless the {base type definition} is the ·ur-type definition·, the complex type definition's {attribute wildcard}'s {process contents} is identical to or stronger than the {base type definition}'s {attribute wildcard}'s {process contents}, where strict is stronger than lax is stronger than skip.
||
5 One of the following is true:
5.2 All of the following are true:
5.2.1 The {content type} of the complex type definition has {variety} simple
5.2.2 One of the following is true:
5.2.2.1 The {simple type definition} of the{content type} of the {base type definition} is a simple type definition from which the {content type}'s {simple type definition} is validly derived given the empty set as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
5.3 All of the following are true:
5.3.1 The {content type} of the complex type itself has {variety} empty
5.3.2 One of the following is true:
5.3.2.1 The {content type} of the {base type definition} also has {variety} empty.
5.3.2.2 The {content type} of the {base type definition} has {variety} elementOnly or mixed and {particle} a Particle which is ·emptiable· as defined in Particle Emptiable (§3.9.6).
5.4 All of the following are true:
5.4.1 One of the following is true:
5.4.1.1 The {content type} of the complex type definition itself has {variety} element-only and the {content type} of the {base type definition} does not have {variety} simple.
5.4.1.2 The {content type} of the complex type definition itself and of the {base type definition} have {variety} mixed.
5.4.2 The {content type} of the complex type definition itself ·restricts· the {content type} of the {base type definition} as defined in Content type restricts (§3.4.6).
||
Note: Attempts to derive complex type definitions whose {content type} has {variety} element-only by restricting a {base type definition} whose {content type} has {variety} empty are not ruled out by this clause. For purposes of checking this constraint, they are treated as attempts to restrict the empty sequence.
||
7 The {assertions} of the {base type definition} is a prefix of the {assertions} of the complex type definition itself.
[Definition:]   A complex type definition with {derivation method} restriction is a valid restriction of its {base type definition} if and only if the constraint Derivation Valid (Restriction, Complex) (§3.4.6) is satisfied.
||
Note: In the definition of restriction in version 1.0 of this specification, it says

"Members of a type, A, whose definition is a restriction of the definition of another type, B, are always members of type B as well."

However no definition of membership in a type was provided, and this statement accordingly lacked force. We can now restate the intended sense of 'restriction' as follows:
||
||

A type definition R is a valid ·restriction· of another type definition B if and only if:

  1. All element information items which are ·abstractly valid· against R are ·abstractly valid· against B.
  2. When type definitions are assigned to children or attributes of an element information item in the PSVI by both R and B, those assigned by R are identical to or derived by one or more restriction or subsetting steps from the corresponding ones assigned by B.
  3. When element declarations are assigned to children or attributes of an element information item in the PSVI by both R and B, the corresponding ones assigned by R appeal to at least the same identity constraints, value constraints and disallowed substitutions as those assigned by B, and may appeal to stronger ones.
  4. Either B is the base type definition of R, or else the base type definition of R is a restriction of B.
||
||
Note: It will be noted that valid restriction involves both a subset relation on the set of elements valid against R and those valid against B, and an derivation relation, explicit in the type hierarchy, between the types assigned to attributes and child elements by R and those assigned to the same attributes and children by B.
||
||

[Definition:]  An attribute or element information item I is abstractly valid with respect to a simple or complex type definition D if and only if schema-validity assessment of I with respect to D (as defined by Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) or Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute) (§3.2.4)) either results in a [validity] property of valid, or would result in [validity] of valid if constraints on the abstractness of type definitions and element declarations were ignored.

||
||

In practice, it is difficult to enforce the definition above directly as a Constraint on Components, owing to a number of corner cases which are difficult to detect or describe concisely. The following constraint is the operationally normative statement.

||
||
Schema Component Constraint: Complex type definition actually restricts
[Definition:]  A complex type definition R (for "restriction") actually restricts another type definition B (for "base") if and only if all of the following are true:
1 Every element information item which is ·locally valid· with respect to R is also ·locally valid· with respect to B.
2 If R and B have elementOnly or mixed as the {variety} of their {content type}s, then for all element information items E which are ·locally valid· with respect to R, for all children C of E, one of the following is true
2.1 Test[E,PR] is not defined for C.
2.2 all of the following are true:
2.2.1 Test[E,PB] and Test[E,PR] are both defined for C
2.2.2 Test[E,PB](C) subsumes Test[E,PR](C).
where PR is R's {content type}'s {particle} and PB is B's {content type}'s {particle}.

[Definition:]  An element information item is locally valid with respect to a complex type definition if and only if it satisfies all but the last clause of Element Locally Valid (Complex Type) (§3.4.4) with respect to that definition.

When the child sequence of an element information item E is ·locally valid· against a type definition whose {content type}'s {particle} is P there is a (partial) functional mapping from the element information items in the child sequence to tests, where tests are either Element Declarations, ·the ur-type· or empty, arising as follows:

Element Declarations
Either explicitly present, or successfully located as a result of a strict or lax Wildcard.
An undischarged lax Wildcard.
empty
a skip Wildcard.
(failure to map)
An undischarged strict Wildcard.
[Definition:]  Call this mapping Test[E,P].

[Definition:]  A test G (for general) subsumes another test S (for specific) if and only if one of the following is true

1 G is empty.
2 G is ·the ur-type· and S is not empty.
3 G and S are both Element Declarations and all of the following are true:
3.1 Either G has {nillable} true or S has {nillable} false.
3.2 Either G has no {value constraint}, or it is not fixed, or S has a fixed {value constraint} with the same value.
3.3 S's {identity-constraint definitions} are a superset of G's.
3.4 S disallows a superset of the substitutions that G does.
3.5 S's {type definition} is validly derived given {extension, list, union} from G's {type definition} as defined by Type Derivation OK (Complex) (§3.4.6) or Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6), as appropriate.
Note: Implementing 'actually restricts' (§H) provides guidance to implementors on how to implement this constraint.
||
Schema Component Constraint: Content type restricts
Note: Checking content-type restriction (§I) provides guidance to implementors on how to implement this constraint.
[Definition:]  A Content Type RCT (for "restriction") restricts another Content Type BCT (for "base") if and only if the appropriate case among the following must be true:
1 If BCT's {variety} is empty, then either there is no sequence of element information items which is ·locally valid· with respect to RCT's {particle}, or only the empty sequence is.
2 otherwise Using the name R for RCT's {particle} and B for BCT's {particle}, all of the following are true:
2.1 Every sequence of element information items which is ·locally valid· with respect to R is also ·locally valid· with respect to B.
2.2 For all sequences of element information items ES which are ·locally valid· with respect to R, for all elements E in ES, one of the following is true
2.2.1 ·Test[ES,R]· is not defined for E.
2.2.2 All of the following are true:
2.2.2.1 ·Test[ES,B]· and ·Test[ES,R]· are both defined for E

[Definition:]  A sequence of element information items is locally valid with respect to a Particle if and only if it satisfies Element Sequence Locally Valid (Particle) (§3.9.4.2) with respect to that Particle.

When a sequence of an element information items ES is ·locally valid· with respect to a Particle P there is a (partial) functional mapping from the element information items in the sequence to tests, where tests are either Element Declarations, ·the ur-type· or empty, arising as follows:

Element Declarations
Either explicitly present, or successfully located as a result of a strict or lax Wildcard.
An undischarged lax Wildcard.
empty
a skip Wildcard.
(failure to map)
An undischarged strict Wildcard.
[Definition:]  Call this mapping Test[ES,P].

[Definition:]  A test G (for general) subsumes another test S (for specific) if and only if one of the following is true

1 G is empty.
2 G is ·the ur-type· and S is not empty.
3 G and S are both Element Declarations and all of the following are true:
3.1 Either G has {nillable} true or S has {nillable} false.
3.2 Either G has no {value constraint}, or it is not fixed, or S has a fixed {value constraint} with the same value.
3.3 S's {identity-constraint definitions} are a superset of G's.
3.4 S disallows a superset of the substitutions that G does.
3.5 S's {type definition} is validly derived given {extension, list, union} from G's {type definition} as defined by Type Derivation OK (Complex) (§3.4.6) or Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6), as appropriate.
Note: To restrict a complex type definition with a simple base type definition to empty, use a simple type definition with a fixed value of the empty string: this preserves the type information.

The following constraint defines a relation appealed to elsewhere in this specification.

Schema Component Constraint: Type Derivation OK (Complex)
For a complex type definition (call it D, for derived) to be validly derived from a type definition (call this B, for base) given a subset of {extension, restriction} all of the following must be true:
1 If B and D are not the same type definition, then the {derivation method} of D is not in the subset.
2 One of the following is true:
2.1 B and D are the same type definition.
2.3 All of the following are true:
2.3.2 The appropriate case among the following is true:
2.3.2.1 If D's {base type definition} is complex, then it is validly derived from B given the subset as defined by this constraint.
2.3.2.2 If D's {base type definition} is simple, then it is validly derived from B given the subset as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
Note: This constraint is used to check that when someone uses a type in a context where another type was expected (either via xsi:type or substitution groups), that the type used is actually derived from the expected type, and that that derivation does not involve a form of derivation which was ruled out by the expected type.

Note:

The wording of clause
2.1 above appeals to a notion of component identity which is only incompletely defined by this version of this specification. In some cases, the wording of this specification does make clear the rules for component identity. These cases include:
  • When they are both top-level components with the same component type, namespace name, and local name;
  • When they are necessarily the same type definition (for example, when the two types definitions in question are the type definitions associated with two attribute or element declarations, which are discovered to be the same declaration);
  • When they are the same by construction (for example, when an element's type definition defaults to being the same type definition as that of its substitution-group head or when a complex type definition inherits an attribute declaration from its base type definition).

In other cases it is possible that conforming implementations will disagree as to whether components are identical.

3.4.7 Built-in Complex Type ||Definition||||Definitions||

||

There is a Complex Type Definition corresponding to the root of the type hierarchy present in every schema by definition:

||
||
Property
Value
rootType
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
A Content Type as follows:
Property
Value
a Particle with the ||following properties: ||properties shown below in Outer particle for rootType (§3.4.7).
||
Property
Value
a model group with the following properties:
Property
Value
sequence
a list containing one particle with the following properties:
Property
Value
unbounded
a wildcard with the following properties:
Property
Value
A Namespace Constraint with the following properties:
Property
Value
The empty set
The empty set
||
The empty set
a wildcard with the following properties::
Property
Value
A Namespace Constraint with the following properties:
Property
Value
The empty set
The empty set
The empty set
The empty sequence
||
||

The outer particle of rootType contains a simple sequence:

||
||
Property
Value
a model group with the following properties:
Property
Value
sequence
a list containing one particle with the properties shown below in Inner particle for rootType (§3.4.7).
||
||

The inner particle of rootType contains a skip wildcard:

||
||
Property
Value
unbounded
a wildcard with the following properties:
Property
Value
A Namespace Constraint with the following properties:
Property
Value
The empty set
The empty set
||
||

The mixed content specification together with the skip wildcard and attribute specification produce the defining property for the root of the type hierarchy, namely that every type definition is (eventually) a restriction of it: its permissions and requirements are the least restrictive possible.

||

There is ||also ||a complex type definition ||nearly equivalent to the ·ur-type definition·||||for ·anyType·|| present in every schema by definition. It has the following properties:

||
Property
Value
anyType
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema
The empty set
a wildcard with the following properties::
Property
Value
A Namespace Constraint with the following properties:
Property
Value
The empty set
The empty set
The empty set
The empty sequence
||

The outer particle of ·anyType· contains a sequence with a single term:

Property
Value
a model group with the following properties:
Property
Value
sequence
a list containing one particle with the properties shown below in Inner Particle for Content Type of anyType (§3.4.7).

The inner particle of ·anyType· contains a wildcard which matches any element:

Property
Value
unbounded
a wildcard with the following properties:
Property
Value
A Namespace Constraint with the following properties:
Property
Value
The empty set
The empty set
Note: This specification does not provide an inventory of built-in complex type definitions for use in user schemas. A preliminary library of complex type definitions is available which includes both mathematical (e.g. rational) and utility (e.g. array) type definitions. In particular, there is a text type definition which is recommended for use as the type definition in element declarations intended for general text content, as it makes sensible provision for various aspects of internationalization. For more details, see the schema document for the type library at its namespace name: http://www.w3.org/2001/03/XMLSchema/TypeLibrary.xsd.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.5 AttributeUses

An attribute use is a utility component which controls the occurrence and defaulting behavior of attribute declarations. It plays the same role for attribute declarations in complex types that particles play for element declarations.

Example
<xs:complexType>
 . . .
 <xs:attribute ref="xml:lang" use="required"/>
 <xs:attribute ref="xml:space" default="preserve"/>
 <xs:attribute name="version" type="xs:decimal" fixed="1.0"/>
</xs:complexType>
     
XML representations which all involve attribute uses, illustrating some of the possibilities for controlling occurrence.

3.5.1 The Attribute Use Schema Component

The attribute use schema component has the following properties:

{required} determines whether this use of an attribute declaration requires an appropriate attribute information item to be present, or merely allows it.

{attribute declaration} provides the attribute declaration itself, which will in turn determine the simple type definition used.

{value constraint} allows for local specification of a default or fixed value. This must be consistent with that of the {attribute declaration}, in that if the {attribute declaration} specifies a fixed value, the only allowed {value constraint} is the same fixed value.

3.5.2 XML Representation of Attribute Use Components

Attribute uses correspond to all uses of <attribute> which allow a use attribute. These in turn correspond to two components in each case, an attribute use and its {attribute declaration} (although note the latter is not new when the attribute use is a reference to a top-level attribute declaration). The appropriate mapping is described in XML Representation of Attribute Declaration Schema Components (§3.2.2).

3.5.4 Attribute Use Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Attribute Locally Valid (Use)
The item's ·actual value· matches the {value} of the {value constraint}, if it is present and its {variety} is fixed.

For an attribute information item to be·valid· with respect to an attribute use its ·actual value· must be identical to the {value} of the attribute use's {value constraint}, if it is present and has {variety} fixed.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.6 Attribute Group Definitions

A schema can name a group of attribute declarations so that they may be incorporated as a group into complex type definitions.

Attribute group definitions do not participate in ·validation· as such, but the {attribute uses} and {attribute wildcard} of one or more complex type definitions may be constructed in whole or part by reference to an attribute group. Thus, attribute group definitions provide a replacement for some uses of XML's parameter entity facility. Attribute group definitions are provided primarily for reference from the XML representation of schema components (see <complexType> and <attributeGroup>).

Example
<xs:attributeGroup name="myAttrGroup">
    <xs:attribute . . ./>
    . . .
</xs:attributeGroup>

<xs:complexType name="myelement">
    . . .
    <xs:attributeGroup ref="myAttrGroup"/>
</xs:complexType>
XML representations for attribute group definitions. The effect is as if the attribute declarations in the group were present in the type definition.

3.6.1 The Attribute Group Definition Schema Component

The attribute group definition schema component has the following properties:

Attribute groups are identified by their {name} and {target namespace}; attribute group identities must be unique within an ·XML Schema·. See References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3) for the use of component identifiers when importing one schema into another.

{attribute uses} is a set attribute uses, allowing for local specification of occurrence and default or fixed values.

{attribute wildcard} provides for an attribute wildcard to be included in an attribute group. See above under Complex Type Definitions (§3.4) for the interpretation of attribute wildcards during ·validation·.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.6.2 XML Representation of Attribute Group Definition Schema Components

The XML representation for an attribute group definition schema component is an <attributeGroup> element information item. It provides for naming a group of attribute declarations and an attribute wildcard for use by reference in the XML representation of complex type definitions and other attribute group definitions. The correspondences between the properties of the information item and properties of the component it corresponds to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: attributeGroup Element Information Item

<attributeGroup
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  ref = QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, ((attribute | attributeGroup)*, anyAttribute?))
</attributeGroup>

When an <attributeGroup> appears as a daughter of <schema> or <redefine>, it corresponds to an attribute group definition as below. When it appears as a daughter of <complexType> or <attributeGroup>, it does not correspond to any component as such.
Attribute Group Definition Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent schema element information item.
 
The union of the set of attribute uses corresponding to the <attribute> [children], if any, with the {attribute uses} of the attribute groups ·resolved· to by the ·actual value·s of the ref [attribute] of the <attributeGroup> [children], if any.
 
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.

The example above illustrates a pattern which recurs in the XML representation of schemas: The same element, in this case attributeGroup, serves both to define and to incorporate by reference. In the first case the name attribute is required, in the second the ref attribute is required, and the element must be empty. These two are mutually exclusive, and also conditioned by context: the defining form, with a name, must occur at the top level of a schema, whereas the referring form, with a ref, must occur within a complex type definition or an attribute group definition.

3.6.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Attribute Group Definitions

Schema Representation Constraint: Attribute Group Definition Representation OK
In addition to the conditions imposed on <attributeGroup> element information items by the schema for schemas, all of the following also apply:
1 The corresponding attribute group definition, if any, must satisfy the conditions set out in Constraints on Attribute Group Definition Schema Components (§3.6.6).
2
3 Circular group reference is disallowed outside <redefine>. That is, unless this element information item's parent is <redefine>, then among the [children], if any, there must not be an <attributeGroup> with ref [attribute] which resolves to the component corresponding to this <attributeGroup>. Indirect circularity is also ruled out. That is, when QName resolution (Schema Document) (§3.16.3) is applied to a ·QName· arising from any <attributeGroup>s with a ref [attribute] among the [children], it must not be the case that a ·QName· is encountered at any depth which resolves to the component corresponding to this <attributeGroup>.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.7 Model Group Definitions

A model group definition associates a name and optional annotations with a Model Group. By reference to the name, the entire model group can be incorporated by reference into a {term}.

Model group definitions are provided primarily for reference from the XML Representation of Complex Type Definitions (§3.4.2) (see <complexType> and <group>). Thus, model group definitions provide a replacement for some uses of XML's parameter entity facility.

Example
<xs:group name="myModelGroup">
 <xs:sequence>
  <xs:element ref="someThing"/>
  . . .
 </xs:sequence>
</xs:group>

<xs:complexType name="trivial">
 <xs:group ref="myModelGroup"/>
 <xs:attribute .../>
</xs:complexType>

<xs:complexType name="moreSo">
 <xs:choice>
  <xs:element ref="anotherThing"/>
  <xs:group ref="myModelGroup"/>
 </xs:choice>
 <xs:attribute .../>
</xs:complexType>
A minimal model group is defined and used by reference, first as the whole content model, then as one alternative in a choice.

3.7.1 The Model Group Definition Schema Component

The model group definition schema component has the following properties:

Model group definitions are identified by their {name} and {target namespace}; model group identities must be unique within an ·XML Schema·. See References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3) for the use of component identifiers when importing one schema into another.

Model group definitions per se do not participate in ·validation·, but the {term} of a particle may correspond in whole or in part to a model group from a model group definition.

{model group} is the Model Group for which the model group definition provides a name.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.7.2 XML Representation of Model Group Definition Schema Components

The XML representation for a model group definition schema component is a <group> element information item. It provides for naming a model group for use by reference in the XML representation of complex type definitions and model groups. The correspondences between the properties of the information item and properties of the component it corresponds to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: group Element Information Item

<group
  id = ID
  maxOccurs = (nonNegativeInteger | unbounded)  : 1
  minOccurs = nonNegativeInteger : 1
  name = NCName
  ref = QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (all | choice | sequence)?)
</group>

If there is a name [attribute] (in which case the item will have <schema> or <redefine> as parent), then the item corresponds to a model group definition component with properties as follows:
Model Group Definition Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent schema element information item.
 
A model group which is the {term} of a particle corresponding to the <all>, <choice> or <sequence> among the [children] (there must be one).
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
Otherwise, the item will have a ref [attribute], in which case it corresponds to a particle component with properties as follows (unless minOccurs=maxOccurs=0, in which case the item corresponds to no component at all):
Particle Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the minOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
unbounded, if the maxOccurs [attribute] equals unbounded, otherwise the ·actual value· of the maxOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
The {model group} of the model group definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the ref [attribute]

The name of this section is slightly misleading, in that the second, un-named, case above (with a ref and no name) is not really a named model group at all, but a reference to one. Also note that in the first (named) case above no reference is made to minOccurs or maxOccurs: this is because the schema for schemas does not allow them on the child of <group> when it is named. This in turn is because the {min occurs} and {max occurs} of the particles which refer to the definition are what count.

Given the constraints on its appearance in content models, an <all> must only occur as the only item in the [children] of a named model group definition or a content model: see Constraints on Model Group Schema Components (§3.8.6).

previous sub-section next sub-section3.8 Model Groups

When the [children] of element information items are not constrained to be empty or by reference to a simple type definition (Simple Type Definitions (§3.15)), the sequence of element information item [children] content may be specified in more detail with a model group. Because the {term} property of a particle can be a model group, and model groups contain particles, model groups can indirectly contain other model groups; the grammar for content models is therefore recursive. [Definition:]  A model group directly contains the particles in the value of its {particles} property. [Definition:]  A model group indirectly contains the particles, groups, wildcards, and element declarations which are ·contained· by the particles it ·directly contains·. [Definition:]  A model group contains the components which it either ·directly contains· or ·indirectly contains·.

Example
<xs:all>
 <xs:element ref="cats"/>
 <xs:element ref="dogs"/>
</xs:all>

<xs:sequence>
 <xs:choice>
  <xs:element ref="left"/>
  <xs:element ref="right"/>
 </xs:choice>
 <xs:element ref="landmark"/>
</xs:sequence>
XML representations for the three kinds of model group, the third nested inside the second.

3.8.1 The Model Group Schema Component

The model group schema component has the following properties:

specifies a sequential (sequence), disjunctive (choice) or conjunctive (all) interpretation of the {particles}. This in turn determines whether the element information item [children] ·validated· by the model group must:

  • (sequence) correspond, in order, to the specified {particles};
  • (choice) corresponded to exactly one of the specified {particles};
  • (all) contain all and only exactly zero or one of each element specified in {particles}. The elements can occur in any order. In this case, to reduce implementation complexity, {particles} is restricted to contain local and top-level element declarations only, with {min occurs}=0 or 1, {max occurs}=1.

When two or more particles contained directly or indirectly in the {particles} of a model group have identically named element declarations as their {term}, the type definitions of those declarations must be the same. By 'indirectly' is meant particles within the {particles} of a group which is itself the {term} of a directly contained particle, and so on recursively.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.8.2 XML Representation of Model Group Schema Components

The XML representation for a model group schema component is either an <all>, a <choice> or a <sequence> element information item. The correspondences between the properties of those information items and properties of the component they correspond to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: all Element Information Item

<all
  id = ID
  maxOccurs = 1 : 1
  minOccurs = (0 | 1) : 1
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (element | any)*)
</all>

<choice
  id = ID
  maxOccurs = (nonNegativeInteger | unbounded)  : 1
  minOccurs = nonNegativeInteger : 1
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (element | group | choice | sequence | any)*)
</choice>

<sequence
  id = ID
  maxOccurs = (nonNegativeInteger | unbounded)  : 1
  minOccurs = nonNegativeInteger : 1
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (element | group | choice | sequence | any)*)
</sequence>

Each of the above items corresponds to a particle containing a model group, with properties as follows (unless minOccurs=maxOccurs=0, in which case the item corresponds to no component at all):
Particle Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the minOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
unbounded, if the maxOccurs [attribute] equals unbounded, otherwise the ·actual value· of the maxOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
A model group as given below:
Model Group Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
One of all, choice, sequence depending on the element information item.
 
A sequence of particles corresponding to all the <all>, <choice>, <sequence>, <any>, <group> or <element> items among the [children], in order.
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.

3.8.4 Model Group Validation Rules

In order to define the validation rules for model groups clearly, it will be useful to define some basic terminology; this is done in the next two sections, before the validation rules themselves are formulated.

3.8.4.1 Language Recognition by Groups

Each model group M denotes a language L(M), whose members are the sequences of element information items ·accepted· by M.

Within L(M) a smaller language V(M) can be identified, which is of particular importance for schema-validity assessment. The difference between the two languages is that V(M) enforces some constraints which are ignored in the definition of L(M). Informally L(M) is the set of sequences which are accepted by a model group if no account is taken of the schema component constraint Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6) or the related provisions in the validation rules which specify how to choose a unique ·path· in a non-deterministic content model. By contrast, V(M) takes account of those constraints and includes only the sequences which are ·locally valid· against M. For all model groups M, V(M) is a subset of L(M). L(M) and related concepts are described in this section; V(M) is described in the next section, Principles of Validation against Groups (§3.8.4.2).

[Definition:]  When a sequence S of element information items is checked against a model group M, the sequence of ·basic particles· which the items of S match, in order, is a path of S in M. For a given S and P, the path of S in P is not necessarily unique. Detailed rules for the matching, and thus for the construction of paths, are given in Language Recognition by Groups (§3.8.4.1) and Principles of Validation against Particles (§3.9.4.1). Not every sequence has a path in every content model, but every sequence accepted by the content model does have a path. [Definition:]  For a content model M and a sequence S in L(M), the path of S in M is a complete path; prefixes of complete paths which are themselves not complete paths are incomplete paths. For example, in the content model

   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element name="a"/>
    <xsd:element name="b"/>
    <xsd:element name="c"/>
   </xsd:sequence>

the sequences (<a/><b/><c/>) and (<a/><b/>) have ·paths· (the first a ·complete path· and the second an ·incomplete path·), but the sequences (<a/><b/><c/><d/>) and (<a/><x/>) do not have paths.

Note: It is possible, but unusual, for a content model to have some paths which are neither complete paths, nor prefixes of complete paths. For example, the content model
   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element name="a"/>
    <xsd:element name="b"/>
    <xsd:choice/>
   </xsd:sequence>
accepts no sequences because the empty choice recognizes no input sequences. But the sequences (</a>) and (</a><b/>) have paths in the content model.

The definitions of L(M) and ·paths· in M, when M is a ·basic term· or a ·basic particle·, are given in Principles of Validation against Particles (§3.9.4.1). The definitions for groups are given below.

3.8.4.1.1 Sequences

This section defines L(M), the set of ·paths· in M, and V(M), if M is a sequence group.

If M is a Model Group, and the {compositor} of M is sequence, and the {particles} of M is the sequence P1, P2, ..., Pn, then L(M) is the set of sequences S = S1 + S2 + ... + Sn (taking "+" as the concatenation operator), where Si is in L(Pi) for 0 < in. The sequence of sequences S1, S2, ..., Sn is a ·partition· of S. Less formally, when M is a sequence of P1, P2, ... Pn, then L(M) is the set of sequences formed by taking one sequence which is accepted by P1, then one accepted by P2, and so on, up through Pn, and then concatenating them together in order.

[Definition:]  A partition of a sequence is a sequence of sub-sequences, some or all of which may be empty, such that concatenating all the sub-sequences yields the original sequence.

When M is a sequence group and S is a sequence of input items, the set of ·paths· of S in M is the set of all paths Q = Q1 + Q2 + ... + Qj, where

  • jn, and
  • S = S1 + S2 + ... + Sj (i.e. S1, S2, ..., Sj is a ·partition· of S), and
  • Si is in L(Pi) for 0 < i < j, and
  • Qi is a ·path· of Si in Pi for 0 < ij.

Example
By this definition, some sequences which do not satisfy the entire content model nevertheless have ·paths· in a content model. For example, given the content model P
   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element name="a"/>
    <xsd:element name="b"/>
    <xsd:element name="c"/>
   </xsd:sequence>
<a/><b/>
and an input sequence Swhere n = 3, j = 2, then S1 is (<a/>), S2 is (<b/>), and S has a ·path· in P, even though S is not in L(P). The ·path· has two items, first the Particle for the a element, then the Particle for the b element.

When M is a sequence group, the set V(M) (the set of sequences ·locally valid· against M) is the set of sequences S which are in L(M) and which have a ·validation-path· in M. Informally, V(M) contains those sequences which are accepted by M and for which no element information item is ever ·attributed to· a ·wildcard particle· if it can, in context, instead be ·attributed to· an ·element particle·. There will invariably be a ·partition· of S whose members are ·locally valid· against the sub-sequences of P.

Note: For sequences with more than one ·path· in M, the ·attributions· of the ·validation-path· are used in validation and for determining the contents of the ·post-schema-validation infoset·. For example, if M is
  <xsd:sequence>
   <xsd:any minOccurs="0"/>
   <xsd:element name="a" minOccurs="0"/>
  </xsd:sequence>
then the sequence (<a/>) has two ·paths· in M, one containing just the ·wildcard particle· and the other containing just the ·element particle·. It is the latter which is a ·validation-path· and which determines which Particle the item in the input is ·attributed to·.
Note: There are model groups for which some members of L(M) are not in V(M). For example, if M is
  <xsd:sequence>
   <xsd:any minOccurs="0"/>
   <xsd:element name="a"/>
  </xsd:sequence>
then the sequence (<a/><a/>) is in L(M), but not in V(M), because the validation rules require that the first a be ·attributed to· the ·wildcard particle·. In a ·validation-path· the initial a will invariably be ·attributed to· the ·element particle·, and so no sequence with an initial a can be ·locally valid· against this model group.
3.8.4.1.2 Choices

This section defines L(M), the set of ·paths· in M, and V(M), if M is a choice group.

When the {compositor} of M is choice, and the {particles} of M is the sequence P1, P2, ..., Pn, then L(M) is L(P1) ∪ L(P2) ∪ ... ∪ L(Pn), and the set of ·paths· of S in P is the set Q = Q1Q2 ∪ ... ∪ Qn, where Qi is the set of ·paths· of S in Pi, for 0 < in. Less formally, when M is a choice of P1, P2, ... Pn, then L(M) contains any sequence accepted by any of the particles P1, P2, ... Pn, and any ·path· of S in any of the particles P1, P2, ... Pn is a ·path· of S in P.

The set V(M) (the set of sequences ·locally valid· against M) is the set of sequences S which are in L(M) and which have a ·validation-path· in M. In effect, this means that if one of the choices in M ·attributed· an initial element information item to a ·wildcard particle·, and another ·attributed· the same item to an ·element particle·, then the latter choice is used for validation.

Note: For example, if M is
  <xsd:choice>
   <xsd:any/>
   <xsd:element name="a"/>
  </xsd:choice>
then the ·validation-path· for the sequence (<a/>) contains just the ·element particle· and it is to the ·element particle· that the input element will be ·attributed·; the alternate ·path· containing just the ·wildcard particle· is not relevant for validation as defined in this specification.
3.8.4.1.3 All-groups

This section defines L(M), the set of ·paths· in M, and V(M), if M is an all-group.

When the {compositor} of M is all, and the {particles} of M is the sequence P1, P2, ..., Pn, then L(M) is the set of sequences S = S1 × S2 × ... × Sn (taking "×" as the interleave operator), where for 0 < in, Si is in L(Pi). The set of sequences {S1, S2, ..., Sn} is a ·grouping· of S. The set of ·paths· of S in P is the set of all ·paths· Q = Q1 × Q2 × ... × Qn, where Qi is a ·path· of Si in Pi, for 0 < in.

Less formally, when M is an all-group of P1, P2, ... Pn, then L(M) is the set of sequences formed by taking one sequence which is accepted by P1, then one accepted by P2, and so on, up through Pn, and then interleaving them together. Equivalently, L(M) is the set of sequences S such that the set {S1, S2, ..., Sn} is a ·grouping· of S, and for 0 < in, Si is in L(Pi).

[Definition:]  A grouping of a sequence is a set of sub-sequences, some or all of which may be empty, such that each member of the original sequence appears once and only once in one of the sub-sequences and all members of all sub-sequences are in the original sequence.

For example, given the content model P

  <xsd:all>
   <xsd:element name="a" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="5">
   <xsd:element name="b" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1">
   <xsd:element name="c" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="5">
   </xsd:element>
  </xsd:all>

and an input sequence S

<a/><b/><a/>

where n = 3, then S1 is (<a/><a/>), S2 is (<b/>), and the ·path· of S in P is the sequence containing first the Particle for the a element, then the Particle for the b element, then once more the Particle for the a element.

The set V(M) (the set of sequences ·locally valid· against M) is the set of sequences S which are in L(M) and which have a ·validation-path· in M. In effect, this means that if one of the Particles in M ·attributed· an element information item to a ·wildcard particle·, and a ·competing· Particle ·attributed· the same item to an ·element particle·, then the ·element particle· is used for validation.

Note: For example, if M is
  <xsd:all>
   <xsd:any/>
   <xsd:element name="a"/>
  </xsd:all>
then M accepts sequences of length two, containing one a element and one other element.

The other element can be anything at all, including a second a element. After the first a the ·element particle· accepts no more elements and so no longer ·competes· with the ·wildcard particle·. So if the sequence (<a/><a/>) is checked against M, in the ·validation-path· the first a element will be ·attributed to· the ·element particle· and the second to the ·wildcard particle·.

3.8.4.1.4 Multiple Paths in Groups

It is possible for a given sequence of element information items to have multiple ·paths· in a given model group M; this is the case, for example, when M is ambiguous, as for example

  <xsd:choice>
   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element ref="my:a" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
    <xsd:element ref="my:b"/>
   </xsd:sequence>
   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element ref="my:a"/>
    <xsd:element ref="my:b" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
   </xsd:sequence>
  </xsd:choice>

which can match the sequence (<a/><b/>) in more than one way. It may also be the case with unambiguous model groups, if they do not correspond to a deterministic expression (as it is termed in [XML 1.1]). For example,

  <xsd:sequence>
   <xsd:element name="a" minOccurs="0"/>
   <xsd:element name="a"/>
  </xsd:sequence>
Note: Because these model groups do not obey the constraint Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6), they cannot appear in a valid schema.
3.8.4.2 Principles of Validation against Groups

As noted above, each model group M denotes a language L(M), whose members are sequences of element information items. Each member of L(M) has one or more ·paths· in M, as do other sequences of element information items.

By imposing conditions on ·paths· in a model group M it is possible to identify a set of ·validation-paths· in M, such that if M is a model group which obeys the Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6) constraint, then any sequence S has at most one ·validation-path· in M. The language V(M) can then be defined as the set of sequences which have ·validation-paths· in M.

[Definition:]  Two Particles P1 and P2 contained in some Particle P compete with each other if and only if some sequence S of element information items has two ·paths· in P which are identical except that one path has P1 as its last item and the other has P2.

For example, in the content model

  <xsd:sequence>
   <xsd:element name="a"/>
   <xsd:choice>
    <xsd:element name="b"/>
    <xsd:any/>
   </xsd:choice>
  </xsd:sequence>

the sequence (<a/><b/>) has two paths, one (Q1) consisting of the Particle whose {term} is the declaration for a followed by the Particle whose {term} is the declaration for b, and a second (Q2) consisting of the Particle whose {term} is the declaration for a followed by the Particle whose {term} is the wildcard. The sequences Q1 and Q2 are identical except for their last items, and so the two Particles which are the last items of Q1 and Q2 are said to ·compete· with each other.

By contrast, in the content model

  <xsd:choice>
   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element name="a"/>
    <xsd:element name="b"/>
   </xsd:sequence>
   <xsd:sequence>
    <xsd:element name="c"/>
    <xsd:any/>
   </xsd:sequence>
  </xsd:choice>

the Particles for b and the wildcard do not compete, because there is no pair of ·paths· in P which differ only in one having the ·element particle· for b and the other having the ·wildcard particle·.

[Definition:]  Two (or more) ·paths· of a sequence S in a Particle P are competing paths if and only if they are identical except for their final items, which differ.

[Definition:]  For any sequence S of element information items and any particle P, a ·path· of S in P is a validation-path if and only if for each prefix of the ·path· which ends with a ·wildcard particle·, the corresponding prefix of S has no ·competing path· which ends with an ·element particle·.

Note: It is a consequence of the definition of ·validation-path· that for any content model M which obeys constraint Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6) and for any sequence S of element information items, S has at most one ·validation-path· in M.

[Definition:]  A sequence S of element information items is locally valid against a particle P if and only if S has a ·validation-path· in P. The set of all such sequences is written V(P).

3.8.4.3 Validation Rules
Validation Rule: Element Sequence Valid
For a sequence S (possibly empty) of element information items to be locally ·valid· with respect to a model group M, S must be in V(M).
Note: It is possible to define groups whose {particles} is empty. When a choice-group M has an empty {particles} property, then L(M) is the empty set. When M is a sequence- or all-group with an empty {particles} property, then L(M) is the set containing the empty (zero-length) sequence.

3.8.6 Constraints on Model Group Schema Components

All model groups (see Model Groups (§3.8)) must satisfy the following constraints.

Schema Component Constraint: All Group Limited
When a model group has {compositor} all, then all of the following must be true:
1 It appears only as the value of one or both of the following properties:
1.1 the {model group} property of a model group definition.
1.2 the {term} property of a Particle with {max occurs}=1which is the {particle} of the {content type} of a complex type definition.
Schema Component Constraint: Element Declarations Consistent
Issue (RQ-146i):Issue 2544 (RQ-146 element declarations consistent)

Some corner cases, e.g. involving 'skip' wildcards, have emerged with respect to this constraint. It will be restated at a higher level of abstraction, in terms of desired outcome. See also (§3.4).

Resolution:

This constraint will be restated in terms of intended outcome, i.e. that (modulo the impact of xsi:type) validation of an EII with a type definition will always assign the same type definitions to elements or attributes of the same name.

If the {particles} contains, either directly, indirectly (that is, within the {particles} of a contained model group, recursively) or ·implicitly· two or more element declaration particles with the same {name} and {target namespace}, then all their type definitions must be the same top-level definition, that is, all of the following must be true:
2 all their {type definition}s have the same {name}.
3 all their {type definition}s have the same {target namespace}.

[Definition:]  A list of particles implicitly contains an element declaration if and only if a member of the list contains that element declaration in its ·substitution group·.

[Definition:]   The attributions of a sequence S of element information items, when S is checked against a particle P, are the ·element· or ·wildcard particles· in P with which the items in S are matched. It is the sequence of these Particles which forms the ·path· of S in P. When Particle is non-deterministic, then each element information item in S is attributed to to the Particle it matches up with in the unique ·validation-path·, not to any other Particle. Element information items are attributed to ·element particles· only when the element's expanded name ·matches· the {term} of the Particle, and to ·wildcard particles· only then the element's namespace ·matches· the Wildcard. In addition, the ·attribution· of element information items to Particles must respect the structure (sequence, choice, {min occurs} and {max occurs}, etc.) of the Particle and of Particles nested within its {term}. The rules are given in more detail in Language Recognition by Groups (§3.8.4.1) and Language Recognition for Repetitions (§3.9.4.1), and in Validation Rule Element Sequence Accepted (Particle) (§3.9.4.2).

[Definition:]   An element particle is a Particle whose {term} is an Element Declaration. [Definition:]   A wildcard particle is a Particle whose {term} is a Wildcard.

Schema Component Constraint: Unique Particle Attribution
A content model must not contain two ·element particles· which ·compete· with each other, nor two ·wildcard particles· which ·compete· with each other.
Note: Content models in which an ·element particle· and a ·wildcard particle· ·compete· with each other are not prohibited. In such cases, the Element Declaration is chosen; see the definitions of ·attribution· and ·validation-path·.
Note: This constraint reconstructs for XML Schema the equivalent constraints of [XML 1.1] and SGML. See Analysis of the Unique Particle Attribution Constraint (non-normative) (§M) for further discussion.

Since this constraint is expressed at the component level, it applies to content models whose origins (e.g. via type derivation and references to named model groups) are no longer evident. So particles at different points in the content model are always distinct from one another, even if they originated from the same named model group.

Note: It is a consequence of Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6), together with the definition of ·validation-path·, that any sequence S of element information items has at most one ·validation-path· in any particle P. This means in turn that each item in S is attributed to at most one particle in P. No item can match more than one Wildcard or more than one Element Declaration (because no two ·wildcard particles· and no two ·element particles· may ·compete·), and if an item matches both a ·wildcard particle· and an ·element particle·, it is ·attributed· by the rules for ·validation-paths· to the ·element particle·.
Note: Because locally-scoped element declarations may or may not have a {target namespace}, the scope of declarations is not relevant to enforcing either the Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6) constraint or the Element Declarations Consistent (§3.8.6) constraint.

The following constraints define relations appealed to elsewhere in this specification.

Schema Component Constraint: Effective Total Range (all and sequence)
The effective total range of a particle whose {term} is a group whose {compositor} is all or sequence is a pair of minimum and maximum, as follows:
minimum
The product of the particle's {min occurs} and the sum of the {min occurs} of every wildcard or element declaration particle in the group's {particles} and the minimum part of the effective total range of each of the group particles in the group's {particles} (or 0 if there are no {particles}).
maximum
unbounded if the {max occurs} of any wildcard or element declaration particle in the group's {particles} or the maximum part of the effective total range of any of the group particles in the group's {particles} is unbounded, or if any of those is non-zero and the {max occurs} of the particle itself is unbounded, otherwise the product of the particle's {max occurs} and the sum of the {max occurs} of every wildcard or element declaration particle in the group's {particles} and the maximum part of the effective total range of each of the group particles in the group's {particles} (or 0 if there are no {particles}).
Schema Component Constraint: Effective Total Range (choice)
The effective total range of a particle whose {term} is a group whose {compositor} is choice is a pair of minimum and maximum, as follows:
minimum
The product of the particle's {min occurs} and the minimum of the {min occurs} of every wildcard or element declaration particle in the group's {particles} and the minimum part of the effective total range of each of the group particles in the group's {particles} (or 0 if there are no {particles}).
maximum
unbounded if the {max occurs} of any wildcard or element declaration particle in the group's {particles} or the maximum part of the effective total range of any of the group particles in the group's {particles} is unbounded, or if any of those is non-zero and the {max occurs} of the particle itself is unbounded, otherwise the product of the particle's {max occurs} and the maximum of the {max occurs} of every wildcard or element declaration particle in the group's {particles} and the maximum part of the effective total range of each of the group particles in the group's {particles} (or 0 if there are no {particles}).

previous sub-section next sub-section3.9 Particles

As described in Model Groups (§3.8), particles contribute to the definition of content models.

When an element is validated against a complex type, its sequence of child elements is checked against the content model of the complex type and the children are ·attributed to· to Particles of the content model. The attribution of items to Particles partially determines the calculation of the items' ·context-determined declarations·: When an element information item is ·attributed to· an ·element particle·, that Particle's Element Declaration, or an Element Declaration ·validly substitutable· for it, becomes the item's ·context-determined declaration·; when the item is ·attributed to· a ·wildcard particle·, the ·context-determined declaration· depends on the variety of the wildcard.

Example
<xs:element ref="egg" minOccurs="12" maxOccurs="12"/>

<xs:group ref="omelette" minOccurs="0"/>

<xs:any maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
     
XML representations which all involve particles, illustrating some of the possibilities for controlling occurrence.

3.9.1 The Particle Schema Component

The particle schema component has the following properties:

In general, multiple element information item [children], possibly with intervening character [children] if the content type is mixed, can be ·validated· with respect to a single particle. When the {term} is an element declaration or wildcard, {min occurs} determines the minimum number of such element [children] that can occur. The number of such children must be greater than or equal to {min occurs}. If {min occurs} is 0, then occurrence of such children is optional.

Again, when the {term} is an element declaration or wildcard, the number of such element [children] must be less than or equal to any numeric specification of {max occurs}; if {max occurs} is unbounded, then there is no upper bound on the number of such children.

When the {term} is a model group, the permitted occurrence range is determined by a combination of {min occurs} and {max occurs} and the occurrence ranges of the {term}'s {particles}.

[Definition:]  A particle directly contains the component which is the value of its {term} property. [Definition:]  A particle indirectly contains the particles, groups, wildcards, and element declarations which are contained by the value of its {term} property. [Definition:]  A particle contains the components which it either ·directly contains· or ·indirectly contains·.

3.9.2 XML Representation of Particle Components

Particles correspond to all three elements (<element> not immediately within <schema>, <group> not immediately within <schema> and <any>) which allow minOccurs and maxOccurs attributes. These in turn correspond to two components in each case, a particle and its {term}. The appropriate mapping is described in XML Representation of Element Declaration Schema Components (§3.3.2), XML Representation of Model Group Schema Components (§3.8.2) and XML Representation of Wildcard Schema Components (§3.10.2) respectively.

3.9.4 Particle Validation Rules

3.9.4.1 Principles of Validation against Particles

Every particle P ·recognizes· some language L(P). When {min occurs} and {max occurs} of P are both 1, L(P) is the language of P's {term}. The following section (Language Recognition for Repetitions (§3.9.4.1)) describes how more complicated counts are handled.

3.9.4.1.1 Language Recognition for Repetitions

When {min occurs} of P = {max occurs} of P = n, and T is the {term} of P, then L(P) is the set of sequences S = S1 + S2 + ... + Snsuch that Si is in L(T) for 0 < in. Less formally: L(P) is the set of sequences which have ·partitions· into n sub-sequences for which each of the n subsequences is in the language accepted by the {term} of P.

When {min occurs} = j and {max occurs} = k, and T is the {term} of P, then L(P) is the set of sequences S = S1, + S2 + ... + Sn, i.e. the set of sequences which have ·partitions· into n sub-sequences such that nj and nk (or k is unbounded) and Si is in L(T) for 0 < in.

When {min occurs} = 0, then L(P) also includes the empty sequence.

If (1) Particle P has {min occurs} = j, {max occurs} = k, and {term} = T, and (2) S is a sequence of element information items such that S = S1 + S2 + ... + Sn (i.e. S1, S2, ..., Sn is a ·partition· of S), and (3) nk (or k is unbounded), and (4) Si is in L(T) for 0 < i < n, then:

Note:  Informally: the path of an input sequence S in a particle P may go through the ·basic particles· in P as many times as is allowed by the {max occurs} of P. If the path goes through P more than once, each time before the last one must correspond to a sequence accepted by the {term} of P; because the last iteration in the path may not be complete, it need not be accepted by the {term}.

3.9.4.1.2 Validation of Basic Terms

When the {term} of a Particle P is an Element Declaration D, then L(P) is the set of all sequences of length 1 whose sole member is an element information item which ·matches· D. [Definition:]  An element information item E matches an Element Declaration D if and only if:

  • either the expanded name of E ·matches· the {name} and {target namespace} of D,
  • or the expanded name of E resolves to an element declaration D2 which is substitutable for D.

[Definition:]  An expanded name E matches an ·NCName· N and a namespace name NS if and only if all of the following are true:

  • The local name of E is identical to N.
  • Either the namespace name of E is identical to NS, or else E has no namespace name (E is an unqualified name) and NS is ·absent·.

When the {term} of a Particle P is a Wildcard W, then L(P) is the set of all sequences of length 1 whose sole member is an element information item E which ·matches· W. [Definition:]  An element information item E matches a Wildcard W (or a ·wildcard particle· whose {term} is W) if and only if W allows the [namespace name] of E, as defined in the validation rule Wildcard allows Namespace Name (§3.10.4).

[Definition:]  Two namespace names N1 and N2 are said to match if and only if they are identical or both are ·absent·.

For principles of validation when the {term} is a model group instead of a ·basic particle·, see Language Recognition by Groups (§3.8.4.1) and Principles of Validation against Groups (§3.8.4.2).

3.9.4.2 Validation Rules
Validation Rule: Element Sequence Accepted (Particle)
the appropriate case among the following must be true:
1 If the {term} is a wildcard, then all of the following are true:
1.1 The length of the sequence is greater than or equal to the {min occurs}.
1.2 If {max occurs} is a number, the length of the sequence is less than or equal to the {max occurs}.
1.3 Each element information item in the sequence is ·valid· with respect to the wildcard as defined by Item Valid (Wildcard) (§3.10.4).
In this case, each element information item in the sequence is ·attributed to· the particle.
2 If the {term} is an element declaration, then all of the following are true:
2.1 The length of the sequence is greater than or equal to the {min occurs}.
2.2 If {max occurs} is a number, the length of the sequence is less than or equal to the {max occurs}.
2.3 For each element information item in the sequence one of the following is true
2.3.1 The element declaration is local (i.e. its {scope}'s {variety} is not global), the element information item's [namespace name] is identical to the element declaration's {target namespace} (where an ·absent· {target namespace} is taken to be identical to a [namespace name] with no value) and the element information item's [local name] matches the element declaration's {name}.

In this case the element declaration is the ·context-determined declaration· for the element information item with respect to Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) and Assessment Outcome (Element) (§3.3.5).

2.3.2 The element declaration is top-level (i.e. its {scope}'s {variety} is global), the element information item's [namespace name] is identical to the element declaration's {target namespace} (where an ·absent· {target namespace} is taken to be identical to a [namespace name] with no value) and the element information item's [local name] matches the element declaration's {name}.

In this case the element declaration is the ·context-determined declaration· for the element information item with respect to Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) and Assessment Outcome (Element) (§3.3.5).

2.3.3 The element declaration is top-level (i.e. its {scope}'s {variety} is global), its {disallowed substitutions} does not contain substitution, the [local ] and [namespace name] of the element information item resolve to an element declaration, as defined in QName resolution (Instance) (§3.16.4) -- [Definition:]  call this declaration the substituting declaration and the ·substituting declaration· together with the particle's element declaration's {disallowed substitutions} is ·validly substitutable· for the particle's element declaration as defined in Substitution Group OK (Transitive) (§3.3.6).

In this case the ·substituting declaration· is the ·context-determined declaration· for the element information item with respect to Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) and Assessment Outcome (Element) (§3.3.5).

In this case the element information item is ·attributed to· the particle.

3 If the {term} is a model group, then all of the following are true:
3.1 There is a ·partition· of the sequence into n sub-sequences such that n is greater than or equal to {min occurs}.
3.2 If {max occurs} is a number, n is less than or equal to {max occurs}.
3.3 Each sub-sequence in the ·partition· is ·valid· with respect to that model group as defined in Element Sequence Valid (§3.8.4.3).
In this case, the element information items in each sub-sequence are ·attributed to· Particles within the model group which is the {term}, as described in Language Recognition by Groups (§3.8.4.1).
Note: The rule just given does not require that the content model be deterministic. In practice, however, most non-determinism in content models is ruled out by the schema component constraint Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6). Non-determinism can occur despite that constraint for several reasons. In some such cases, some particular element information item may be accepted by either a Wildcard or an Element Declaration. In such situations, the validation process defined in this specification matches the element information item against the Element Declaration, both in identifying the Element Declaration as the item's ·context-determined declaration·, and in choosing alternative paths through a content model. Other cases of non-determinism involve nested particles each of which has {max occurs} greater than 1, where the input sequence can be partitioned in multiple ways. In those cases, there is no fixed rule for eliminating the non-determinism.
Note: clause 1 and clause 2.3.3 do not interact: an element information item validatable by a declaration with a substitution group head is not validatable by a wildcard which accepts the head's (namespace, name) pair but not its own.

3.9.6 Constraints on Particle Schema Components

All particles (see Particles (§3.9)) must satisfy the following constraints.

The following constraints define relations appealed to elsewhere in this specification.

Schema Component Constraint: Particle Valid (Extension)
[Definition:]  For a particle (call it E, for extension) to be a valid extension of another particle (call it B, for base) one of the following must be true:
1 They are the same particle.
2 E's {min occurs}={max occurs}=1 and its {term} is a sequence group whose {particles}' first member is a particle all of whose properties, recursively, are identical to those of B, with the exception of {annotation} properties.
Schema Component Constraint: Particle Emptiable
[Definition:]  For a particle to be emptiable one of the following must be true:
1 Its {min occurs} is 0.
2 Its {term} is a group and the minimum part of the effective total range of that group, as defined by Effective Total Range (all and sequence) (§3.8.6) (if the group is all or sequence) or Effective Total Range (choice) (§3.8.6) (if it is choice), is 0.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.10 Wildcards

In order to exploit the full potential for extensibility offered by XML plus namespaces, more provision is needed than DTDs allow for targeted flexibility in content models and attribute declarations. A wildcard provides for ·validation· of attribute and element information items dependent on their namespace names and optionally on their local names.

Example
<xs:any processContents="skip"/>

<xs:any namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>

<xs:any namespace="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
        xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
        notQName="xsl:comment xsl:fallback"/>

<xs:any notNamespace="##targetNamespace"/>

<xs:anyAttribute namespace="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"/>
XML representations of the four basic types of wildcard, plus one attribute wildcard.

3.10.1 The Wildcard Schema Component

The wildcard schema component has the following properties:

{namespace constraint} provides for ·validation· of attribute and element items that:

  1. ({variety} any) have any namespace or are not namespace-qualified;
  2. ({variety} not and {namespaces} a set whose members are either namespace names or ·absent·) have any namespace other than the specified namespaces and/or, if ·absent· is included in the set, are namespace-qualified;
  3. ({variety} enumeration and {namespaces} a set whose members are either namespace names or ·absent·) have any of the specified namespaces and/or, if ·absent· is included in the set, are unqualified.
  4. ({disallowed names} is not empty) have any (namespace name, local name) other than the specified names.

{process contents} controls the impact on ·assessment· of the information items allowed by wildcards, as follows:

strict
There must be a top-level declaration for the item available, or the item must have an xsi:type, and the item must be ·valid· as appropriate.
skip
No constraints at all: the item must simply be well-formed XML.
lax
If the item has a uniquely determined declaration available, it must be ·valid· with respect to that definition, that is, ·validate· if you can, don't worry if you can't.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.10.2 XML Representation of Wildcard Schema Components

The XML representation for a wildcard schema component is an <any> or <anyAttribute> element information item. The correspondences between the properties of an <any> information item and properties of the components it corresponds to are as follows (see <complexType> and <attributeGroup> for the correspondences for <anyAttribute>):

XML Representation Summary: any Element Information Item

<any
  id = ID
  maxOccurs = (nonNegativeInteger | unbounded)  : 1
  minOccurs = nonNegativeInteger : 1
  namespace = ((##any | ##other) | List of (anyURI | (##targetNamespace | ##local)) )
  notNamespace = List of (anyURI | (##targetNamespace | ##local))
  notQName = List of QName
  processContents = (lax | skip | strict) : strict
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</any>

A particle containing a wildcard, with properties as follows (unless minOccurs=maxOccurs=0, in which case the item corresponds to no component at all):
Particle Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the minOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
unbounded, if the maxOccurs [attribute] equals unbounded, otherwise the ·actual value· of the maxOccurs [attribute], if present, otherwise 1.
 
A wildcard as given below:
Wildcard Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
A Namespace Constraint with the following properties:
Property
Value
the appropriate case among the following:
1 If the namespace [attribute] is present, then the appropriate case among the following:
1.1 If the ·actual value· of the namespace [attribute] is "##any", then any;
1.2 If the ·actual value· of the namespace [attribute] is "##other", then not;
1.3 otherwise enumeration;
2 If the notNamespace [attribute] is present, then not;
3 otherwise (neither namespace nor notNamespace is present) any.
the appropriate case among the following:
1 If neither namespace nor notNamespace is present, then the empty set;
2 If the namespace [attribute] is present and its ·actual value· is "##any", then the empty set;
3 If the namespace [attribute] is present and its ·actual value· is "##other", then a set consisting ·absent· and, if the targetNamespace [attribute] of the <schema> ancestor element information item is present, its ·actual value·;
4 otherwise a set whose members are namespace names corresponding to the space-delimited substrings of the ·actual value· of the namespace or notNamespace [attribute] (whichever is present), except
4.1 if one such substring is ##targetNamespace, the corresponding member is the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the <schema> ancestor element information item if present, otherwise ·absent·;
4.2 if one such substring is ##local, the corresponding member is ·absent·.
A set whose members are QName values corresponding to the space-delimited substrings of the ·actual value· of the notQName [attribute] if present, otherwise the empty set.
 
The ·actual value· of the processContents [attribute], if present, otherwise strict.
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.

Wildcards are subject to the same ambiguity constraints (Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6)) as other content model particles: If an instance element could match one of two wildcards, within the content model of a type, that model is in error.

3.10.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Wildcards

Schema Representation Constraint: Wildcard Representation OK
In addition to the conditions imposed on <any> element information items by the schema for schemas, all of the following must be true:
1 namespace and notNamespace are not both present;
2 The corresponding particle and model group satisfy the conditions set out in Constraints on Model Group Schema Components (§3.8.6) and Constraints on Particle Schema Components (§3.9.6).

3.10.4 Wildcard Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Item Valid (Wildcard)
For an element or attribute information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to a wildcard constraint its ([namespace name], [local name]) pair must be ·valid· with respect to the wildcard constraint, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4).

When this constraint applies the appropriate case among the following must be true:

Validation Rule: Wildcard allows Expanded Name
For a (namespace name, local name) pair to be ·valid· with respect to a wildcard constraint (the value of a {namespace constraint}) all of the following must be true:
1 The namespace name is ·valid· with respect to the wildcard constraint, as defined in Wildcard allows Namespace Name (§3.10.4);
2 The constraint's {disallowed names} does not contain such pair.
Validation Rule: Wildcard allows Namespace Name
For a value which is either a namespace name or ·absent· to be ·valid· with respect to a wildcard constraint (the value of a {namespace constraint}) one of the following must be true:
1 The constraint's {variety} is any.
2 The constraint's {variety} is not, and the value is not identical to any of the members of the constraint's {namespaces}.
3 The constraint's {variety} is enumeration, and the value is identical to one of the members of the constraint's {namespaces}.

3.10.6 Constraints on Wildcard Schema Components

All wildcards (see Wildcards (§3.10)) must satisfy the following constraint.

The following constraints define a relation appealed to elsewhere in this specification.

Schema Component Constraint: Wildcard Subset
Formally, for a namespace constraint (call it sub) to be an intensional subset of another namespace constraint (call it super), the set of expanded QNames allowed by super, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4), must be a superset of that allowed by sub.

Informally, one of the following must be true:

1 super's {variety} is any.
2 All of the following are true:
2.1 sub's {variety} is not.
2.2 super's {variety} is not and its {namespaces} is a subset of sub's {namespaces}.
3 All of the following are true:
3.1 sub's {variety} is enumeration.
3.2 One of the following is true:
3.2.1 super's {variety} is enumeration and its {namespaces} is the same set or a superset of sub's {namespaces}.
3.2.2 super's {variety} is not and none of the members of its {namespaces} is in sub's {namespaces}.

And the following must be true:

1 Each member of super's {disallowed names} is not allowed by sub, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4).
Schema Component Constraint: Attribute Wildcard Union
Formally, for a Namespace Constraint to be the intensional union of two other Namespace Constraints (call them O1 and O2), the set of expanded QNames allowed by such Namespace Constraint, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4), must be the union of those allowed by O1 and O2.

Informally, it must be as given by the appropriate case among the following:

1 If O1 and O2 have the same {variety} and identical {namespaces}, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} and {namespaces} as for O1.
2 If either O1 or O2 has {variety} any, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} any.
3 If both O1 and O2 have {variety} enumeration, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} enumeration and {namespaces} the union of O1's {namespaces} and O2's {namespaces}.
4 If the two both have {variety} not and let I be the intersection of O1's {namespaces} and O2's {namespaces}, then the appropriate case among the following:
4.1 If I is the empty set, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} any.
4.2 otherwise a Namespace Constraint with {variety} not and {namespaces} I.
5 If either O1 or O2 has {variety} not and {namespaces} S1 and the other has {variety} enumeration and {namespaces} S2 and let S be S1 minus S2, then the appropriate case among the following:
5.1 If S is the empty set, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} any.
5.2 otherwise a Namespace Constraint with {variety} not and {namespaces} S.

And its {disallowed names} must be as given by the following:

6 It has members of O1's {disallowed names} that are not allowed by O2, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4), and members of O2's {disallowed names} that are not allowed by O1.

In the case where there are more than two Namespace Constraints to be combined, the intensional union is determined by identifying the intensional union of two of them as above, then the intensional union of the result with the third (providing the first union was expressible), and so on as required.

Schema Component Constraint: Attribute Wildcard Intersection
Formally, for a Namespace Constraint to be the intensional intersection of two other Namespace Constraints (call them O1 and O2), the set of expanded QNames allowed by such Namespace Constraint, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4), must be the intersection of those allowed by O1 and O2.

Informally, it must be as given by: the appropriate case among the following:

1 If O1 and O2 have the same {variety} and identical {namespaces}, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} and {namespaces} as for O1.
2 If either O1 or O2 has {variety} any, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} and {namespaces} as for the other.
3 If either O1 or O2 has {variety} not and {namespaces} S1 and the other has {variety} enumeration and {namespaces} S2, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} enumeration and {namespaces} S2 minus S1.
4 If both O1 and O2 have {variety} enumeration, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} enumeration and {namespaces} the intersection of their {namespaces}.
5 If both O1 and O2 have {variety} not, then a Namespace Constraint with {variety} not and {namespaces} the union of their {namespaces}.

And its {disallowed names} must be as given by the following:

6 It has members of O1's {disallowed names} that are allowed by O2, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4), and members of O2's {disallowed names} that are allowed by O1.

In the case where there are more than two Namespace Constraints to be combined, the intensional intersection is determined by identifying the intensional intersection of two of them as above, then the intensional intersection of the result with the third (providing the first intersection was expressible), and so on as required.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.11 Identity-constraint Definitions

Identity-constraint definition components provide for uniqueness and reference constraints with respect to the contents of multiple elements and attributes.

Example
<xs:key name="fullName">
 <xs:selector xpath=".//person"/>
 <xs:field xpath="forename"/>
 <xs:field xpath="surname"/>
</xs:key>

<xs:keyref name="personRef" refer="fullName">
 <xs:selector xpath=".//personPointer"/>
 <xs:field xpath="@first"/>
 <xs:field xpath="@last"/>
</xs:keyref>

<xs:unique name="nearlyID">
 <xs:selector xpath=".//*"/>
 <xs:field xpath="@id"/>
</xs:unique>
XML representations for the three kinds of identity-constraint definitions.

3.11.1 The Identity-constraint Definition Schema Component

The identity-constraint definition schema component has the following properties:

Issue (RQ-14i):Issue 2848 (RQ-14 annotations on field and select)

Version 1.0 provided no home for annotations on xs:field and xs:select. The overall reworking of annotation at the component level described in (§3.4.1) will take care of this.

Resolution:

See (§3.4.1).

Identity-constraint definitions are identified by their {name} and {target namespace}; Identity-constraint definition identities must be unique within an ·XML Schema·. See References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3) for the use of component identifiers when importing one schema into another.

Informally, {identity-constraint category} identifies the Identity-constraint definition as playing one of three roles:

  • (unique) the Identity-constraint definition asserts uniqueness, with respect to the content identified by {selector}, of the tuples resulting from evaluation of the {fields} XPath expression(s).
  • (key) the Identity-constraint definition asserts uniqueness as for unique. key further asserts that all selected content actually has such tuples.
  • (keyref) the Identity-constraint definition asserts a correspondence, with respect to the content identified by {selector}, of the tuples resulting from evaluation of the {fields} XPath expression(s), with those of the {referenced key}.

These constraints are specified along side the specification of types for the attributes and elements involved, i.e. something declared as of type integer may also serve as a key. Each constraint declaration has a name, which exists in a single symbol space for constraints. The identity conditions appealed to in checking these constraints apply to the values of the fields selected, not their lexical representation, so that for example 3.0 and 3 would be conflicting keys if they were both decimal, but non-conflicting if they were both strings, or one was a string and one a decimal.

Overall the augmentations to XML's ID/IDREF mechanism are:

  • Functioning as a part of an identity-constraint is in addition to, not instead of, having a type;
  • Not just attribute values, but also element content and combinations of values and content can be declared to be unique;
  • Identity-constraints are specified to hold within the scope of particular elements;
  • (Combinations of) attribute values and/or element content can be declared to be keys, that is, not only unique, but always present and non-nillable;
  • The comparison between keyref {fields} and key or unique {fields} is by value equality, not by string equality.

{selector} specifies a restricted XPath ([XPath]) expression relative to instances of the element being declared. This must identify a node set of subordinate elements (i.e. contained within the declared element) to which the constraint applies.

{fields} specifies XPath expressions relative to each element selected by a {selector}. This must identify a single node (element or attribute) whose content or value, which must be of a simple type, is used in the constraint. It is possible to specify an ordered list of {fields}s, to cater to multi-field keys, keyrefs, and uniqueness constraints.

In order to reduce the burden on implementers, in particular implementers of streaming processors, only restricted subsets of XPath expressions are allowed in {selector} and {fields}. The details are given in Constraints on Identity-constraint Definition Schema Components (§3.11.6).

Note: Provision for multi-field keys etc. goes beyond what is supported by xsl:key.
Note:  Identity constraints currently uses XPath 1.0. This may change in future working drafts of this specification to use XPath 2.0. Such change will not affect evaluation of identity constraints, given the XPath subset it uses.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.11.2 XML Representation of Identity-constraint Definition Schema Components

The XML representation for an identity-constraint definition schema component is either a <key>, a <keyref> or a <unique> element information item. The correspondences between the properties of those information items and properties of the component they correspond to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: unique Element Information Item

<unique
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (selector, field+))
</unique>

<key
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (selector, field+))
</key>

<keyref
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  refer = QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (selector, field+))
</keyref>

<selector
  id = ID
  xpath = a subset of XPath expression, see below
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</selector>

<field
  id = ID
  xpath = a subset of XPath expression, see below
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</field>

Property
Representation
 
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent schema element information item.
 
One of key, keyref or unique, depending on the item.
 
A restricted XPath expression corresponding to the ·actual value· of the xpath [attribute] of the <selector> element information item among the [children]
 
A sequence of XPath expressions, corresponding to the ·actual value·s of the xpath [attribute]s of the <field> element information item [children], in order.
 
If the item is a <keyref>, the identity-constraint definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the refer [attribute], otherwise ·absent·.
 
The annotations corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, and in the <selector> and <field> [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
Example
<xs:element name="vehicle">
 <xs:complexType>
  . . .
  <xs:attribute name="plateNumber" type="xs:integer"/>
  <xs:attribute name="state" type="twoLetterCode"/>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="state">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element name="code" type="twoLetterCode"/>
   <xs:element ref="vehicle" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
   <xs:element ref="person" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>

 <xs:key name="reg"> <!-- vehicles are keyed by their plate within states -->
  <xs:selector xpath=".//vehicle"/>
  <xs:field xpath="@plateNumber"/>
 </xs:key>
</xs:element>

<xs:element name="root">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
   . . .
   <xs:element ref="state" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
   . . .
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>

 <xs:key name="state"> <!-- states are keyed by their code -->
  <xs:selector xpath=".//state"/>
  <xs:field xpath="code"/>
 </xs:key>

 <xs:keyref name="vehicleState" refer="state">
  <!-- every vehicle refers to its state -->
  <xs:selector xpath=".//vehicle"/>
  <xs:field xpath="@state"/>
 </xs:keyref>

 <xs:key name="regKey"> <!-- vehicles are keyed by a pair of state and plate -->
  <xs:selector xpath=".//vehicle"/>
  <xs:field xpath="@state"/>
  <xs:field xpath="@plateNumber"/>
 </xs:key>

 <xs:keyref name="carRef" refer="regKey"> <!-- people's cars are a reference -->
  <xs:selector xpath=".//car"/>
  <xs:field xpath="@regState"/>
  <xs:field xpath="@regPlate"/>
 </xs:keyref>

</xs:element>

<xs:element name="person">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:sequence>
   . . .
   <xs:element name="car">
    <xs:complexType>
     <xs:attribute name="regState" type="twoLetterCode"/>
     <xs:attribute name="regPlate" type="xs:integer"/>
    </xs:complexType>
   </xs:element>
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
A state element is defined, which contains a code child and some vehicle and person children. A vehicle in turn has a plateNumber attribute, which is an integer, and a state attribute. State's codes are a key for them within the document. Vehicle's plateNumbers are a key for them within states, and state and plateNumber is asserted to be a key for vehicle within the document as a whole. Furthermore, a person element has an empty car child, with regState and regPlate attributes, which are then asserted together to refer to vehicles via the carRef constraint. The requirement that a vehicle's state match its containing state's code is not expressed here.

3.11.4 Identity-constraint Definition Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Identity-constraint Satisfied
For an element information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to an identity-constraint all of the following must be true:
1 The {selector}, with the element information item as the context node, evaluates to a node-set (as defined in [XPath]). [Definition:]  Call this the target node set.
2 Each node in the ·target node set· is either the context node or an element node among its descendants.
3 For each node in the ·target node set· all of the {fields}, with that node as the context node, evaluate to either an empty node-set or a node-set with exactly one member, which has a simple type. [Definition:]  Call the sequence of the type-determined values (as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes]) of the [schema normalized value] of the element and/or attribute information items in those node-sets in order the key-sequence of the node.
4 [Definition:]  Call the subset of the ·target node set· for which all the {fields} evaluate to a node-set with exactly one member which is an element or attribute node with a simple type the qualified node set. The appropriate case among the following is true:
4.1 If the {identity-constraint category} is unique, then no two members of the ·qualified node set· have ·key-sequences· whose members are pairwise equal, as defined by Equality in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
4.2 If the {identity-constraint category} is key, then all of the following are true:
4.2.1 The ·target node set· and the ·qualified node set· are equal, that is, every member of the ·target node set· is also a member of the ·qualified node set· and vice versa.
4.2.2 No two members of the ·qualified node set· have ·key-sequences· whose members are pairwise equal, as defined by Equality in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
4.2.3 No element member of the ·key-sequence· of any member of the ·qualified node set· was assessed as ·valid· by reference to an element declaration whose {nillable} is true.
4.3 If the {identity-constraint category} is keyref, then for each member of the ·qualified node set· (call this the keyref member), there is a ·node table· associated with the {referenced key} in the [identity-constraint table] of the element information item (see Identity-constraint Table (§3.11.5), which is understood as logically prior to this clause of this constraint, below) and there is an entry in that table whose ·key-sequence· is equal to the keyref member's ·key-sequence· member for member, as defined by Equality in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
Note: The use of [schema normalized value] in the definition of ·key sequence· above means that default or fixed value constraints may play a part in ·key sequence·s.
Note: Because the validation of keyref (see clause 4.3) depends on finding appropriate entries in a element information item's ·node table·, and ·node tables· are assembled strictly recursively from the node tables of descendants, only element information items within the sub-tree rooted at the element information item being ·validated· can be referenced successfully.
Note: Although this specification defines a ·post-schema-validation infoset· contribution which would enable schema-aware processors to implement clause 4.2.3 above (Element Declaration (§3.3.5)), processors are not required to provide it. This clause can be read as if in the absence of this infoset contribution, the value of the relevant {nillable} property must be available.

3.11.5 Identity-constraint Definition Information Set Contributions

Schema Information Set Contribution: Identity-constraint Table
[Definition:]  An eligible identity-constraint of an element information item is one such that clause 4.1 or clause 4.2 of Identity-constraint Satisfied (§3.11.4) is satisfied with respect to that item and that constraint, or such that any of the element information item [children] of that item have an [identity-constraint table] property whose value has an entry for that constraint.

[Definition:]  A node table is a set of pairs each consisting of a ·key-sequence· and an element node.

Whenever an element information item has one or more ·eligible identity-constraints·, in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· that element information item has a property as follows:

PSVI Contributions for element information items
[identity-constraint table]
one Identity-constraint Binding information item for each ·eligible identity-constraint·, with properties as follows:
PSVI Contributions for Identity-constraint Binding information items
[definition]
The ·eligible identity-constraint·.
[node table]
A ·node table· with one entry for every ·key-sequence· (call it k) and node (call it n) such that one of the following is true
1 There is an entry in one of the ·node tables· associated with the [definition] in an Identity-constraint Binding information item in at least one of the [identity-constraint table]s of the element information item [children] of the element information item whose ·key-sequence· is k and whose node is n;
2 n appears with ·key-sequence· k in the ·qualified node set· for the [definition].
provided no two entries have the same ·key-sequence· but distinct nodes. Potential conflicts are resolved by not including any conflicting entries which would have owed their inclusion to clause 1 above. Note that if all the conflicting entries arose under clause 1 above, this means no entry at all will appear for the offending ·key-sequence·.
Note: The complexity of the above arises from the fact that keyref identity-constraints may be defined on domains distinct from the embedded domain of the identity-constraint they reference, or the domains may be the same but self-embedding at some depth. In either case the ·node table· for the referenced identity-constraint needs to propagate upwards, with conflict resolution.

The Identity-constraint Binding information item, unlike others in this specification, is essentially an internal bookkeeping mechanism. It is introduced to support the definition of Identity-constraint Satisfied (§3.11.4) above. Accordingly, conformant processors may, but are not required to, expose them via [identity-constraint table] properties in the ·post-schema-validation infoset·. In other words, the above constraints may be read as saying ·validation· of identity-constraints proceeds as if such infoset items existed.

3.11.6 Constraints on Identity-constraint Definition Schema Components

All identity-constraint definitions (see Identity-constraint Definitions (§3.11)) must satisfy the following constraint.

Schema Component Constraint: Selector Value OK
All of the following must be true:
1 The {selector} is a valid XPath expression, as defined in [XPath].
2 One of the following is true:
2.1 It conforms to the following extended BNF:
Selector XPath expressions
[1]   Selector   ::=   Path ( '|' Path )*
[2]   Path   ::=   ('.//')? Step ( '/' Step )*
[3]   Step   ::=   '.' | NameTest
[4]   NameTest   ::=   QName | '*' | NCName ':' '*'
2.2 It is an XPath expression involving the child axis whose abbreviated form is as given above.
For readability, whitespace may be used in selector XPath expressions even though not explicitly allowed by the grammar: whitespace may be freely added within patterns before or after any token.
Lexical productions
[5]   token   ::=   '.' | '/' | '//' | '|' | '@' | NameTest
[6]   whitespace   ::=   S

When tokenizing, the longest possible token is always returned.

Schema Component Constraint: Fields Value OK
All of the following must be true:
1 Each member of the {fields} is a valid XPath expression, as defined in [XPath].
2 One of the following is true:
2.1 It conforms to the extended BNF given above for Selector, with the following modification:
Path in Field XPath expressions
[7]   Path   ::=   ('.//')? ( Step '/' )* ( Step | '@' NameTest )
This production differs from the one above in allowing the final step to match an attribute node.
2.2 It is an XPath expression involving the child and/or attribute axes whose abbreviated form is as given above.
For readability, whitespace may be used in field XPath expressions even though not explicitly allowed by the grammar: whitespace may be freely added within patterns before or after any token.

When tokenizing, the longest possible token is always returned.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.12 Assertions

Assertion components constrain the existence and values of related elements and attributes.

Example
<xs:assert test="@min le @max"/>

<xs:report test="@min gt @max"/>
The XML representations for the two kinds of assertions.

The <assert> element requires that the value of the min attribute be less than or equal to that of the max attribute, and fails if that is not the case. The <report> element shown here enforces much the same condition, but expresses it differently; it detects an error if its predicate is true, in this case if the value of the min attribute is greater than that of max.

3.12.1 The Assertion Schema Component

The assertion schema component has the following properties:

{category} controls how assertions impact ·assessment· of the element information item. A {category} with the value assert means the {test} must evaluate to true. A {category} with the value report means the {test} must evaluate to false.

{test} specifies a restricted XPath ([XPath 2.0]) expression:

  • Path steps are restricted to only match information items within the element being ·assessed·
  • XPath predicates are restricted to only refer to attributes on the current element.
  • Operations are limited to those defined in this specification. For example, comparison of ·actual value·s is supported, while general comparison, addition and multiplication are not.
  • Functions are also limited to those whose semantics is within the scope of this specification..

As a result, {test} evaluates to either true or false (if any other value is returned, it's converted to either true or false as if by a call to the XPath fn:boolean function).

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.12.2 XML Representation of Assertion Schema Components

The XML representation for an assertion schema component is either an <assert> or a <report> element information item. The correspondences between the properties of those information items and properties of the component they correspond to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: assert Element Information Item

<assert
  id = ID
  test = a restricted XPath expression, see below
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</assert>

<report
  id = ID
  test = a restricted XPath expression, see below
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</report>

Assertion Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
Either assert or report, depending on the item.
 
A restricted XPath expression corresponding to the ·actual value· of the test [attribute].
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
Example
<xs:complexType name="intRange">
 <xs:attribute name="min" type="xs:int"/>
 <xs:attribute name="max" type="xs:int"/>
 <xs:assert test="@min le @max"/>
</xs:complexType>
The value of the min attribute must be less than or equal to that of the max attribute.
Example
<xs:complexType name="arrayType">
 <xs:sequence>
  <xs:element name="entry" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
 </xs:sequence>
 <xs:attribute name="length" type="xs:int"/>
 <xs:assert test="@length eq fn:count(./entry)"/>
</xs:complexType>
The value of the length attribute must be the same as the number of occurrences of entry sub-elements.

3.12.4 Assertion Validation Rules

Validation Rule: Assertion Satisfied
For an element information item to be locally ·valid· with respect to an assertion all of the following must be true:
1 The {test}, with the element information item as the context node, evaluates to either true or false (see below) without raising any type error.
2 If the {category} is assert, then {test} evaluates to true.
3 If the {category} is report, then {test} evaluates to false.

Evaluation of {test} is performed as defined in [XPath 2.0], with the following exceptions:

  • If the evaluation returns a node-set, it is converted to either true or false as if by a call to the XPath fn:boolean function.
  • When operands are compared (see Value Comparisons of [XPath 2.0]), values are not converted to other values by casting, promoting, or substitution. When the 2 values are incomparable, the comparison always returns false.

3.12.6 Constraints on Assertion Schema Components

All assertions (see Assertions (§3.12)) must satisfy the following constraints.

Schema Component Constraint: Test Value OK
All of the following must be true:
1 The {test} is a valid XPath expression, as defined in [XPath 2.0].
2 One of the following must be true:
2.1 It conforms to the following extended BNF:
Test XPath expressions
[8]   Test   ::=   OrExpr
[9]   OrExpr   ::=   AndExpr ( 'or' AndExpr )*
[10]   AndExpr   ::=   BooleanExpr ( 'and' BooleanExpr )*
[11]   BooleanExpr   ::=   '(' OrExpr ')'
BooleanFunction |
( ValueFunction | ConstructorFunction ) ValueComp ValueExpr |
UnionExpr ( ValueComp ValueExpr )?
[12]   BooleanFunction   ::=   QName '(' OrExpr? ( ',' OrExpr )* ')'
[13]   ValueComp   ::=   'eq' | 'ne' | 'lt' | 'le' | 'gt' | 'ge'
[14]   ValueExpr   ::=    ValueFunction | ConstructorFunction | UnionExpr
[15]   ValueFunction   ::=   QName '(' ValueExpr? ')'
[16]   ConstructorFunction   ::=    QName '(' StringLiteral ')'
[17]   StringLiteral   ::=   ('"' (EscapeQuot | [^"])* '"') | ("'" (EscapeApos | [^'])* "'")
[18]   EscapeQuot   ::=   '""'
[19]   EscapeApos   ::=   "''"
[20]   UnionExpr   ::=   PathExpr ( '|' PathExpr )*
[21]   PathExpr   ::=   ('.//')? ( StepExpr '/' )* ( StepExpr | '@' NameTest)
[22]   StepExpr   ::=   ('.' | NameTest ) ( '[' PredicateExpr ']' )*
[23]   PredicateExpr   ::=   PredicateOr | PositionLiteral
[24]   PredicateOr   ::=   PredicateAnd ( 'or' PredicateAnd )*
[25]   PredicateAnd   ::=   PredicateBoolean ( 'and' PredicateBoolean )*
[26]   PredicateBoolean   ::=    '(' PredicateOr ')'
PBooleanFunction |
( PValueFunction | ConstructorFunction ) ValueComp PredicateValue |
'@' NameTest ( ValueComp PredicateValue )?
[27]   PBooleanFunction   ::=   QName '(' PredicateOr? ( ',' PredicateOr )* ')'
[28]   PValueFunction   ::=   QName '(' PredicateValue? ')'
[29]   PredicateValue   ::=    ConstructorFunction | '.' | '@' NameTest
[30]   PositionLiteral   ::=   [0-9]+
2.2 It is an XPath expression involving the child and/or attribute axes whose abbreviated form is as given above.
For readability, whitespace may be used in field XPath expressions even though not explicitly allowed by the grammar: whitespace may be freely added within patterns before or after any token.

When tokenizing, the longest possible token is always returned.

3 If part of the restricted XPath matches QName in the BooleanFunction production or the PBooleanFunction production, then it identifies one of the following functions defined in the [Functions and Operators] specification: fn:true, fn:false, op:boolean-equal and fn:not.
4 If part of the restricted XPath matches QName in the ValueFunction production or the PValueFunction production, then it identifies one of the following functions defined in the [Functions and Operators] specification: fn:data, fn:local-name, fn:nanmespace-uri, op:count, fn:max and fn:min.
5 If part of the restricted XPath matches the ConstructorFunction production, then all of the following are true:
5.1 The piece that matches QName identifies a simple type definition.
5.2 The ·normalized value· of the piece that matches StringLiteral is locally ·valid· with respect to the simple type definition identified in the above step, as per String Valid (§3.15.4).
Note:  Implementations may choose to support a bigger subset of XPath 2.0. This specification may also define other commonly used subsets in future working drafts.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.13 Notation Declarations

Notation declarations reconstruct XML NOTATION declarations.

Example
<xs:notation name="jpeg" public="image/jpeg" system="viewer.exe">
The XML representation of a notation declaration.

3.13.2 XML Representation of Notation Declaration Schema Components

The XML representation for a notation declaration schema component is a <notation> element information item. The correspondences between the properties of that information item and properties of the component it corresponds to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: notation Element Information Item

<notation
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  public = token
  system = anyURI
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</notation>

Notation Declaration Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent schema element information item.
 
The ·actual value· of the system [attribute], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
 
The ·actual value· of the public [attribute]
 
The annotation corresponding to the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present, otherwise ·absent·.
Example
<xs:notation name="jpeg"
             public="image/jpeg" system="viewer.exe" />

<xs:element name="picture">
 <xs:complexType>
  <xs:simpleContent>
   <xs:extension base="xs:hexBinary">
    <xs:attribute name="pictype">
     <xs:simpleType>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:NOTATION">
       <xs:enumeration value="jpeg"/>
       <xs:enumeration value="png"/>
       . . .
      </xs:restriction>
     </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:attribute>
   </xs:extension>
  </xs:simpleContent>
 </xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

<picture pictype="jpeg">...</picture>

3.13.5 Notation Declaration Information Set Contributions

Schema Information Set Contribution: Validated with Notation
Whenever an attribute information item is ·valid· with respect to a NOTATION, in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· its parent element information item has the following properties:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[notation]
An ·item isomorphic· to the notation declaration whose {name} and {target namespace} match the ·local name· and ·namespace name· (as defined in QName Interpretation (§3.16.3)) of the attribute item's ·actual value·
[notation system]
The value of the {system identifier} of that notation declaration.
[notation public]
The value of the {public identifier} of that notation declaration.
Note: For compatibility, only one such attribute should appear on any given element. If more than one such attribute does appear, which one supplies the infoset property or properties above is not defined.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.14 Annotations

Annotations provide for human- and machine-targeted annotations of schema components.

Example
<xs:simpleType fn:note="special">
  <xs:annotation>
   <xs:documentation>A type for experts only</xs:documentation>
   <xs:appinfo>
    <fn:specialHandling>checkForPrimes</fn:specialHandling>
   </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
     
XML representations of three kinds of annotation.

3.14.1 The Annotation Schema Component

The annotation schema component has the following properties:

{user information} is intended for human consumption, {application information} for automatic processing. In both cases, provision is made for an optional URI reference to supplement the local information, as the value of the source attribute of the respective element information items. ·Validation· does not involve dereferencing these URIs, when present. In the case of {user information}, indication should be given as to the identity of the (human) language used in the contents, using the xml:lang attribute.

{attributes} ensures that when schema authors take advantage of the provision for adding attributes from namespaces other than the XML Schema namespace to schema documents, they are available within the components corresponding to the element items where such attributes appear.

Issue (RQ-19i):Issue 2851 (RQ-19 annotations in PSVI)

Out-of-band attributes were not always handled properly during component construction from schema documents. This is fixed by the overall reworking of annotation construction described in (§3.4.1).

Resolution:

See (§3.4.1).

Annotations do not participate in ·validation· as such. Provided an annotation itself satisfies all relevant ·Schema Component Constraints· it cannot affect the ·validation· of element information items.

The name [Definition:]  Annotated Component covers all the different kinds of component which may have annotations.

3.14.2 XML Representation of Annotation Schema Components

Annotation of schemas and schema components, with material for human or computer consumption, is provided for by allowing application information and human information at the beginning of most major schema elements, and anywhere at the top level of schemas. The XML representation for an annotation schema component is an <annotation> element information item. The correspondences between the properties of that information item and properties of the component it corresponds to are as follows:

XML Representation Summary: annotation Element Information Item

<annotation
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (appinfo | documentation)*
</annotation>

<appinfo
  source = anyURI
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: ({any})*
</appinfo>

<documentation
  source = anyURI
  xml:lang = language
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: ({any})*
</documentation>

Annotation Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
A sequence of the <appinfo> element information items from among the [children], in order, if any, otherwise the empty sequence.
 
A sequence of the <documentation> element information items from among the [children], in order, if any, otherwise the empty sequence.
 
A sequence of attribute information items, namely those allowed by the attribute wildcard in the type definition for the <annotation> item itself or for the enclosing items which correspond to the component within which the annotation component is located.

The annotation component corresponding to the <annotation> element in the example above will have one element item in each of its {user information} and {application information} and one attribute item in its {attributes}.

previous sub-section next sub-section3.15 Simple Type Definitions

Note: This section consists of a combination of copies of normative material from [XML Schema: Datatypes], for local cross-reference purposes, and material unique to this specification, relating to the interface between schema components defined in this specification and the simple type definition component.

Simple type definitions provide for constraining character information item [children] of element and attribute information items.

Example
<xs:simpleType name="fahrenheitWaterTemp">
 <xs:restriction base="xs:decimal">
  <xs:fractionDigits value="2"/>
  <xs:minExclusive value="0.00"/>
  <xs:maxExclusive value="100.00"/>
 </xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
The XML representation of a simple type definition.

3.15.1 The Simple Type Definition Schema Component

The simple type definition schema component has the following properties:

Simple types are identified by their {name} and {target namespace}. Except for anonymous simple types (those with no {name}), since type definitions (i.e. both simple and complex type definitions taken together) must be uniquely identified within an ·XML Schema·, no simple type definition can have the same name as another simple or complex type definition. Simple type {name}s and {target namespace}s are provided for reference from instances (see xsi:type (§2.6.1)), and for use in the XML representation of schema components (specifically in <element> and <attribute>). See References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3) for the use of component identifiers when importing one schema into another.

Note: The {name} of a simple type is not ipso facto the [(local) name] of the element or attribute information items ·validated· by that definition. The connection between a name and a type definition is described in Element Declarations (§3.3) and Attribute Declarations (§3.2).

A simple type definition with an empty specification for {final} can be used as the {base type definition} for other types derived by either of extension or restriction, or as the {item type definition} in the definition of a list, or in the {member type definitions} of a union; the explicit values extension, restriction, list and union prevent further derivations by extension (to yield a complex type) and restriction (to yield a simple type) and use in constructing lists and unions respectively.

{variety} determines whether the simple type corresponds to an atomic, list or union type as defined by [XML Schema: Datatypes].

As described in Type Definition Hierarchy (§2.2.1.1), every simple type definition is a ·restriction· of some other simple type (the {base type definition}), which is the ·simple ur-type definition· if and only if the type definition in question is ·anyAtomicType· or a list or union type definition which is not itself derived by restriction from a list or union respectively.A type definition has ·anyAtomicType· as its {base type definition} if and only if it is one of the built-in primitive datatypes. Each atomic type is ultimately a restriction of exactly one such built-in primitive datatype, which is its {primitive type definition}.

{facets} for each simple type definition are selected from those defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes]. For atomic definitions, these are restricted to those appropriate for the corresponding {primitive type definition}. Therefore, the value space and lexical space (i.e. what is ·validated· by any atomic simple type) is determined by the pair ({primitive type definition}, {facets}).

As specified in [XML Schema: Datatypes], list simple type definitions ·validate· space separated tokens, each of which conforms to a specified simple type definition, the {item type definition}. The item type specified must not itself be a list type, and must be one of the types identified in [XML Schema: Datatypes] as a suitable item type for a list simple type. In this case the {facets} apply to the list itself, and are restricted to those appropriate for lists.

A union simple type definition ·validates· strings which satisfy at least one of its {member type definitions}. As in the case of list, the {facets} apply to the union itself, and are restricted to those appropriate for unions.

The ·simple ur-type definition· or ·anyAtomicType· must not be named as the {base type definition} of any user-defined atomic simple type definitions: as they allow no constraining facets, this would be incoherent.

See Annotations (§3.14) for information on the role of the {annotations} property.

3.15.2 XML Representation of Simple Type Definition Schema Components

XML Representation Summary: simpleType Element Information Item

<simpleType
  final = (#all | List of (list | union | restriction | extension))
  id = ID
  name = NCName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (restriction | list | union))
</simpleType>

<restriction
  base = QName
  id = ID
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, (simpleType?, (minExclusive | minInclusive | maxExclusive | maxInclusive | totalDigits | fractionDigits | maxScale | minScale | length | minLength | maxLength | enumeration | whiteSpace | pattern)*))
</restriction>

<list
  id = ID
  itemType = QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, simpleType?)
</list>

<union
  id = ID
  memberTypes = List of QName
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?, simpleType*)
</union>

Simple Type Definition Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The ·actual value· of the name [attribute] if present on the <simpleType> element, otherwise ·absent·.
 
The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the parent <schema> element information item if present, otherwise ·absent·.
 
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then the type definition ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the base [attribute] of <restriction>, if present, otherwise the type definition corresponding to the <simpleType> among the [children] of <restriction>.
2 If the <list> or <union> alternative is chosen, then ·anySimpleType·.
 
A subset of {restriction, extension, list, union}, determined as follows. [Definition:]  Let FS be the ·actual value· of the final [attribute], if present, otherwise the ·actual value· of the finalDefault [attribute] of the ancestor schema element, if present, otherwise the empty string. Then the property value is the appropriate case among the following:
1 If ·FS· is the empty string, then the empty set;
2 If ·FS· is "#all", then {restriction, extension, list, union};
3 otherwise Consider ·FS· as a space-separated list, and include restriction if "restriction" is in that list, and similarly for extension, list and union.
 
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the name [attribute] is present, then ·absent·
2 otherwise the appropriate case among the following:
2.1 If the parent element information item is <attribute>, then the corresponding Attribute Declaration
2.2 If the parent element information item is <element>, then the corresponding Element Declaration
2.3 If the parent element information item is <list> or <union>, then the Simple Type Definition corresponding to the grandparent <simpleType> element information item
2.4 otherwise (the parent element information item is <restriction>), the appropriate case among the following:
2.4.1 If the grandparent element information item is <simpleType>, then the Simple Type Definition corresponding to the grandparent
2.4.2 otherwise (the grandparent element information item is <simpleContent>), the Simple Type Definition which is the {content type} of the Complex Type Definition corresponding to the great-grandparent <complexType> element information item.
 
If the <list> alternative is chosen, then list, otherwise if the <union> alternative is chosen, then union, otherwise (the <restriction> alternative is chosen), then the {variety} of the {base type definition}.
 
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then then a set of Constraining Facet components ·constituting a restriction· of the {facets} of the {base type definition} with respect to a set of Constraining Facet components corresponding to the appropriate element information items among the [children] of <restriction> (i.e. those which specify facets, if any), as defined in Simple Type Restriction (Facets) (§3.15.6).
2 If the <list> alternative is chosen, then a set with one member, a whiteSpace facet with {value} = collapse and {fixed} = true.
3 otherwise the empty set
 
 
A sequence of Annotation components corresponding to
1 the <annotation> element information item in the [children], if present;
2 If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, then the <annotation> element information item in the [children] of the <restriction>, if present;
3 If the <list> alternative is chosen, then the <annotation> element information item in the [children] of the <list>, if present;
4 If the <union> alternative is chosen, then the <annotation> element information item in the [children] of the <union>, if present;
[Definition:]  The ancestors of a ·type definition· are its {base type definition} and the ·ancestors· of its {base type definition}. (The ancestors of a Simple Type Definition T in the type hierarchy are themselves ·type definitions·; they are distinct from the XML elements which may be ancestors, in the XML document hierarchy, of the <simpleType> element which declares T.)
If the {variety} is atomic, the following additional property mapping also applies:
Property
Representation
 
From among the ·ancestors· of this Simple Type Definition, that Simple Type Definition which corresponds to a primitive datatype.
If the {variety} is list, the following additional property mapping also applies:
List Simple Type Definition Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the {base type definition} is ·anySimpleType·, then the Simple Type Definition (a) ·resolved· to by the ·actual value· of the itemType [attribute] of <list>, or (b), corresponding to the <simpleType> among the [children] of <list>, whichever is present.
Note: In this case, a <list> element will invariably be present; it will invariably have either an itemType [attribute] or a <simpleType> [child], but not both.
2 otherwise (that is, the {base type definition} is not ·anySimpleType·), the {item type definition} of the {base type definition}.
Note: In this case, a <restriction> element will invariably be present.
If the {variety} is union, the following additional property mapping also applies:
Property
Representation
 
The appropriate case among the following:
1 If the {base type definition} is ·anySimpleType·, then the sequence of Simple Type Definitions (a) ·resolved· to by the items in the ·actual value· of the memberTypes [attribute] of <union>, if any, and (b) corresponding to the <simpleType>s among the [children] of <union>, if any, in order.
Note: In this case, a <union> element will invariably be present; it will invariably have either a memberTypes [attribute] or one or more <simpleType> [children], or both.
2 otherwise (that is, the {base type definition} is not ·anySimpleType·), the {member type definitions} of the {base type definition}.
Note: In this case, a <restriction> element will invariably be present.

||Editorial Note: Priority Feedback Request||

||
Note that the rule just given allows unions to be members of other unions. This is a change from version 1.0 of this specification, which prohibited unions in {member type definitions} and replaced any reference to a union M, in the XML declaration of a second union U, with the members of M. This had the unintended consequence that that if M had facets they were lost, and U erroneously accepted values not accepted by M. In order to correct this error, this version of this specification allows unions in {member type definitions} and removes the wording which replaced references to unions with their members. The XML Schema Working Group solicits input from implementors and users of this specification as to whether this change is an acceptable way of repairing the problem in version 1.0 of this specification, or whether it would be preferable to allow unions as members of other unions only if they have an empty {facets} property. If such a change would make this specification more (or less) attractive to users or implementors, please let us know.
||

3.15.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Simple Type Definitions

Schema Representation Constraint: Simple Type Definition Representation OK
In addition to the conditions imposed on <simpleType> element information items by the schema for schemas, all of the following must be true:
1 The corresponding simple type definition, if any, satisfies the conditions set out in Constraints on Simple Type Definition Schema Components (§3.15.6).
2 If the <restriction> alternative is chosen, either it has a base [attribute] or a <simpleType> among its [children], but not both.
3 If the <list> alternative is chosen, either it has an itemType [attribute] or a <simpleType> among its [children], but not both.
4 If the <union> alternative is chosen, either it has a non-empty memberTypes [attribute] or it has at least one simpleType [child].
5 There are no circular union type definitions. That is, if the <union> alternative is chosen, there are no entries in the memberTypes [attribute] which resolve to simple types with {variety} union which include among their transitive membership the component corresponding to the <simpleType>.
6 With the exception of <enumeration> and <pattern>, the [children] of <restriction> must not contain more than one element information item with the same name.

3.15.4 Simple Type Definition Validation Rules

Validation Rule: String Valid
For a string to be locally ·valid· with respect to a simple type definition all of the following must be true:
1 It is schema-valid with respect to that definition as defined by Datatype Valid in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
2 The appropriate case among the following is true:
2.1 If The definition is ENTITY or is validly derived from ENTITY given the empty set, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6), then the string is a ·declared entity name·.
2.2 If The definition is ENTITIES or is validly derived from ENTITIES given the empty set, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6), then every whitespace-delimited substring of the string is a ·declared entity name·.
2.3 otherwise no further condition applies.

[Definition:]  A string is a declared entity name if and only if it is equal to the [name] of some unparsed entity information item in the value of the [unparsedEntities] property of the document information item at the root of the infoset containing the element or attribute information item whose ·normalized value· the string is.

3.15.6 Constraints on Simple Type Definition Schema Components

All simple type definitions must satisfy both the following constraints.

Schema Component Constraint: Simple Type Definition Properties Correct
All of the following must be true:
2 All simple type definitions are derived ultimately from the ·simple ur-type definition (so· circular definitions are disallowed). That is, it is possible to reach a built-in primitive datatype or the ·simple ur-type definition· by repeatedly following the {base type definition}.
3 The {final} of the {base type definition} does not contain restriction.
4 There must not be more than one member of {facets} of the same kind.
Schema Component Constraint: Derivation Valid (Restriction, Simple)
The appropriate case among the following must be true:
1 If the {variety} is atomic, then all of the following are true:
1.1 With one exception, the {base type definition} is an atomic simple type definitionThe exception is ·anyAtomicType·, which has ·anySimpleType·, whose {variety} is ·absent·, as its {base type definition}
1.2 The {final} of the {base type definition} does not contain restriction.
1.3 For each facet in the {facets} (call this DF) all of the following are true:
1.3.1 DF is an allowed constraining facet for the {primitive type definition}, as specified in the appropriate subsection of 3.2 Primitive datatypes.
1.3.2 If there is a facet of the same kind in the {facets} of the {base type definition} (call this BF), then the DF's {value} is a valid restriction of BF's {value} as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
2 If the {variety} is list, then all of the following are true:
2.1 The {item type definition} has a {variety} of atomic or union (in which case there must be no types whose {variety} is list among the union's transitive membership).
2.2 The appropriate case among the following is true:
2.2.1 If the {base type definition} is the ·simple ur-type definition· , then all of the following are true:
2.2.1.1 The {final} of the {item type definition} does not contain list.
2.2.1.2 The {facets} contains only the whiteSpace facet component.
2.2.2 otherwise all of the following are true:
2.2.2.1 The {base type definition} has a {variety} of list.
2.2.2.2 The {final} of the {base type definition} does not contain restriction.
2.2.2.3 The {item type definition} is validly derived from the {base type definition}'s {item type definition} given the empty set, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
2.2.2.4 Only length, minLength, maxLength, whiteSpace, pattern and enumeration facet components are allowed among the {facets}.
2.2.2.5 For each facet in the {facets} (call this DF), if there is a facet of the same kind in the {facets} of the {base type definition} (call this BF), then the DF's {value} is a valid restriction of BF's {value} as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
The first case above will apply when a list is constructed by specifying an item type, the second when derived by restriction from another list.
3 If the {variety} is union, then all of the following are true:
3.1 The appropriate case among the following is true:
3.1.1 If the {base type definition} is the ·simple ur-type definition· , then all of the following are true:
3.1.1.1 All of the {member type definitions} have a {final} which does not contain union.
3.1.1.2 The {facets} property is empty.
3.1.2 otherwise all of the following are true:
3.1.2.1 The {base type definition} has a {variety} of union.
3.1.2.2 The {final} of the {base type definition} does not contain restriction.
3.1.2.3 The {member type definitions} are each validly derived from the corresponding type definitions in the {base type definition}'s {member type definitions} given the empty set, as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
3.1.2.4 Only pattern and enumeration facet components are allowed among the {facets}.
3.1.2.5 For each facet in the {facets} (call this DF), if there is a facet of the same kind in the {facets} of the {base type definition} (call this BF),then the DF's {value} is a valid restriction of BF's {value} as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes].
The first case above will apply when a union is constructed by specifying one or more member types, the second when derived by restriction from another union.
3.2 The Simple Type Definition is not a member of its own transitive membership.
.

[Definition:]  A simple type definition T is a valid restriction of its {base type definition} if and only if T satisfies constraint Derivation Valid (Restriction, Simple) (§3.15.6).

The following constraint defines relations appealed to elsewhere in this specification.

Schema Component Constraint: Type Derivation OK (Simple)
For a simple type definition (call it D, for derived) to be validly derived from a type definition (call this B, for base) given a subset of {extension, restriction, list, union} (of which only restriction is actually relevant) one of the following must be true:
1 They are the same type definition.
2 All of the following are true:
2.1 restriction is not in the subset, or in the {final} of its own {base type definition};
2.2 One of the following is true:
2.2.1 D's {base type definition} is B.
2.2.2 D's {base type definition} is not the ·ur-type definition· and is validly derived from B given the subset, as defined by this constraint.
2.2.3 D's {variety} is list or union and B is the ·simple ur-type definition·.
2.2.4 All of the following are true:
2.2.4.1 B's {variety} is union.
2.2.4.2 D is validly derived from ||a type definition||||an ·unshadowed type definition·|| M in B's transitive membership given the subset, as defined by this constraint.
2.2.4.3 The {facets} property of B and of any intervening union datatypes is empty.
Note: It is a consequence of this requirement that the value space, lexical space, and lexical mapping of D will be subsets of those of B.

||Editorial Note: Priority Feedback Request||

||
The requirement that B and any unions intervening between B and D have no constraining facets is introduced in version 1.1 of this specification. Version 1.0 had no such restriction and thus allowed members of any union to be treated for some purposes as if derived from the union. The rules of 1.0 also did not ensure that values accepted by the member would also be datatype-valid with respect to the union, thus providing an unintended loophole which allowed values to be accepted which ought to have been invalid. The XML Schema Working Group solicits input from implementors and users of this specification as to whether the additional constraint introduced here is an acceptable way of achieving the goal of closing the loophole, or whether it is important that the loophole be closed without excluding facet-based restrictions of unions from the use of clause 2.2.4.
||

||
[Definition:]  A type definition S in the {member type definitions} of a union is shadowed if and only if its lexical space overlaps with the lexical space of some other simple type definition O which precedes it in that {member type definitions}, and S is not validly derived from O as defined by this constraint.
||
Note: With respect to clause 1, see the Note on identity at the end of (§3.4.6) above.
Schema Component Constraint: Simple Type Restriction (Facets)
For a simple type definition (call it R) to restrict another simple type definition (call it B) with a set of facets (call this S) all of the following must be true:
1 The {variety} of R is the same as that of B.
2 If {variety} is atomic, the {primitive type definition} of R is the same as that of B.
3 The {facets} of R ·constitute a restriction· of the {facets} of B with respect to S.

Additional constraint(s) may apply depending on the kind of facet, see the appropriate sub-section of 4.3 Constraining Facets

[Definition:]   Given three sets of facets R, B, and S, R constitutes a restriction of B with respect to S if and only if all of the following are true:

1 Every facet in S is in R.
2 Every facet in B is in R, unless it is of the same kind as some facet in S.
3 Every facet in R is required by clause 1 or clause 2 above.

3.15.7 Built-in Simple Type Definitions

The Simple Type Definition of anySimpleType is present in every schema. It has the following properties:

The definition of ·anySimpleType· is the root of the simple type definition hierarchy, and as such mediates between the other simple type definitions, which all eventually trace back to it via their {base type definition} properties, and ·anyType·, which is its {base type definition}.

The Simple Type Definition of anyAtomicType is present in every schema. It has the following properties:

Simple type definitions corresponding to all the built-in primitive datatypes, namely string, boolean, float, double, decimal, precisionDecimal, dateTime, duration, time, date, gMonth, gMonthDay, gDay, gYear, gYearMonth, hexBinary, base64Binary, anyURI, QName and NOTATION (see the Primitive Datatypes section of [XML Schema: Datatypes]) are present by definition in every schema.as follows:

Property
Value
[as appropriate]
'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
The empty set
atomic
[this simple type definition itself]
{a whitespace facet with [value] = collapse and [fixed] = true in all cases except string, which has [value] = preserve and [fixed] = false}

[as appropriate]

The empty sequence

Similarly, simple type definitions corresponding to all the other built-in datatypes (see the Other Built-in Datatypes section of [XML Schema: Datatypes]) are present by definition in every schema, with properties as specified in [XML Schema: Datatypes] and as represented in XML in Illustrative XML representations for the built-in ordinary type definitions.

Property
Value
[as appropriate]
'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
[as specified in the appropriate sub-section of Other Built-in Datatypes]
The empty set
[atomic or list, as specified in the appropriate sub-section of Other Built-in Datatypes]
[as specified in the appropriate sub-section of Other Built-in Datatypes]
[as specified in the appropriate sub-section of Other Built-in Datatypes]
if {variety} is atomic, then ·absent·, otherwise as specified in the appropriate sub-section of Other Built-in Datatypes]
As shown in the XML representations of the ordinary built-in datatypes in Illustrative XML representations for the built-in ordinary type definitions

previous sub-section 3.16 Schemas as a Whole

A schema consists of a set of schema components.

Example
<xs:schema
    xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
    targetNamespace="http://www.example.com/example">
  . . .
</xs:schema>
The XML representation of the skeleton of a schema.

3.16.2 XML Representations of Schemas

A schema is represented in XML by one or more ·schema documents·, that is, one or more <schema> element information items. A ·schema document· contains representations for a collection of schema components, e.g. type definitions and element declarations, which have a common {target namespace}. A ·schema document· which has one or more <import> element information items corresponds to a schema with components with more than one {target namespace}, see Import Constraints and Semantics (§4.2.3.2).

XML Representation Summary: schema Element Information Item

<schema
  attributeFormDefault = (qualified | unqualified) : unqualified
  blockDefault = (#all | List of (extension | restriction | substitution))  : ''
  elementFormDefault = (qualified | unqualified) : unqualified
  finalDefault = (#all | List of (extension | restriction | list | union))  : ''
  id = ID
  targetNamespace = anyURI
  version = token
  xml:lang = language
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: ((include | import | redefine | annotation)*, (((simpleType | complexType | group | attributeGroup) | element | attribute | notation), annotation*)*)
</schema>

Schema Schema Component
Property
Representation
 
The simple and complex type definitions corresponding to all the <simpleType> and <complexType> element information items in the [children], if any, plus any included or imported definitions, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The (top-level) attribute declarations corresponding to all the <attribute> element information items in the [children], if any, plus any included or imported declarations, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The (top-level) element declarations corresponding to all the <element> element information items in the [children], if any, plus any included or imported declarations, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The attribute group definitions corresponding to all the <attributeGroup> element information items in the [children], if any, plus any included or imported definitions, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The model group definitions corresponding to all the <group> element information items in the [children], if any, plus any included or imported definitions, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The notation declarations corresponding to all the <notation> element information items in the [children], if any, plus any included or imported declarations, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The identity-constraint definitions corresponding to all the <key>, <keyref> and <unique> element information items anywhere within the [children], if any, plus any included or imported identity-constraint definitions, see Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1) and References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3).
 
The annotations corresponding to all the <annotation> element information items in the [children], if any.

Note that none of the attribute information items displayed above correspond directly to properties of schemas. The blockDefault, finalDefault, attributeFormDefault, elementFormDefaultand targetNamespace attributes are appealed to in the sub-sections above, as they provide global information applicable to many representation/component correspondences. The other attributes (id and version) are for user convenience, and this specification defines no semantics for them.

The definition of the schema abstract data model in XML Schema Abstract Data Model (§2.2) makes clear that most components have a {target namespace}. Most components corresponding to representations within a given <schema> element information item will have a {target namespace} which corresponds to the targetNamespace attribute.

Since the empty string is not a legal namespace name, supplying an empty string for targetNamespace is incoherent, and is not the same as not specifying it at all. The appropriate form of schema document corresponding to a ·schema· whose components have no {target namespace} is one which has no targetNamespace attribute specified at all.

Note: [XML-Namespaces 1.1] discusses only instance document syntax for elements and attributes; it therefore provides no direct framework for managing the names of type definitions, attribute group definitions, and so on. Nevertheless, the specification applies the target namespace facility uniformly to all schema components, i.e. not only declarations but also definitions have a {target namespace}.

Although the example schema at the beginning of this section might be a complete XML document, <schema> need not be the document element, but can appear within other documents. Indeed there is no requirement that a schema correspond to a (text) document at all: it could correspond to an element information item constructed 'by hand', for instance via a DOM-conformant API.

Aside from <include> and <import>, which do not correspond directly to any schema component at all, each of the element information items which may appear in the content of <schema> corresponds to a schema component, and all except <annotation> are named. The sections below present each such item in turn, setting out the components to which it may correspond.

3.16.2.1 References to Schema Components

Reference to schema components from a schema document is managed in a uniform way, whether the component corresponds to an element information item from the same schema document or is imported (References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3)) from an external schema (which may, but need not, correspond to an actual schema document). The form of all such references is a ·QName·.

[Definition:]  A QName is a name with an optional namespace qualification, as defined in [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. When used in connection with the XML representation of schema components or references to them, this refers to the simple type QName as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes].

[Definition:]  An NCName is a name with no colon, as defined in [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. When used in connection with the XML representation of schema components in this specification, this refers to the simple type NCName as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes].

Note: It is implementation-defined whether a schema processor supports the definitions of QName and NCName found in [XML-Namespaces 1.1] or those found in [XML-Namespaces 1.0] or both.

In each of the XML representation expositions in the following sections, an attribute is shown as having type QName if and only if it is interpreted as referencing a schema component.

Example
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
            xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
            xmlns="http://www.example.com"
            targetNamespace="http://www.example.com">
  . . .

  <xs:element name="elem1" type="Address"/>

  <xs:element name="elem2" type="xhtml:blockquote"/>

  <xs:attribute name="attr1"
                type="xsl:quantity"/>
  . . .
</xs:schema>

The first of these is most probably a local reference, i.e. a reference to a type definition corresponding to a <complexType> element information item located elsewhere in the schema document, the other two refer to type definitions from schemas for other namespaces and assume that their namespaces have been declared for import. See References to schema components across namespaces (<import>) (§4.2.3) for a discussion of importing.
3.16.2.2 References to Schema Components from Elsewhere

The names of schema components such as type definitions and element declarations are not of type ID: they are not unique within a schema, just within a symbol space. This means that simple fragment identifiers will not always work to reference schema components from outside the context of schema documents.

There is currently no provision in the definition of the interpretation of fragment identifiers for the text/xml MIME type, which is the MIME type for schemas, for referencing schema components as such. However, [XPointer] provides a mechanism which maps well onto the notion of symbol spaces as it is reflected in the XML representation of schema components. A fragment identifier of the form #xpointer(xs:schema/xs:element[@name="person"]) will uniquely identify the representation of a top-level element declaration with name person, and similar fragment identifiers can obviously be constructed for the other global symbol spaces.

Short-form fragment identifiers may also be used in some cases, that is when a DTD or XML Schema is available for the schema in question, and the provision of an id attribute for the representations of all primary and secondary schema components, which is of type ID, has been exploited.

It is a matter for applications to specify whether they interpret document-level references of either of the above varieties as being to the relevant element information item (i.e. without special recognition of the relation of schema documents to schema components) or as being to the corresponding schema component.

3.16.3 Constraints on XML Representations of Schemas

Schema Representation Constraint: QName Interpretation
Where the type of an attribute information item in a document involved in ·validation· is identified as ·QName·, its ·actual value· is composed of a [Definition:]  local name and a [Definition:]  namespace name. Its ·actual value· is determined based on its ·normalized value· and the containing element information item's [in-scope namespaces] following [XML-Namespaces 1.1]:

The appropriate case among the following must be true:

1 If its ·normalized value· is prefixed, then all of the following are true:
1.1 There is a namespace in the [in-scope namespaces] whose [prefix] matches the prefix.
1.2 its ·namespace name· is the [namespace name] of that namespace.
1.3 Its ·local name· is the portion of its ·normalized value· after the colon (':').
2 otherwise (its ·normalized value· is unprefixed) all of the following are true:
2.2 The appropriate case among the following is true:
2.2.1 If there is a namespace in the [in-scope namespaces] whose [prefix] has no value, then its ·namespace name· is the [namespace name] of that namespace.
2.2.2 otherwise its ·namespace name· is ·absent·.

In the absence of the [in-scope namespaces] property in the infoset for the schema document in question, processors must reconstruct equivalent information as necessary, using the [ namespace attributes] of the containing element information item and its ancestors.

[Definition:]  Whenever the word resolve in any form is used in this chapter in connection with a ·QName· in a schema document, the following definition QName resolution (Schema Document) (§3.16.3) must be understood:

Schema Representation Constraint: QName resolution (Schema Document)
For a ·QName· to resolve to a schema component of a specified kind all of the following must be true:
1 That component is a member of the value of the appropriate property of the schema which corresponds to the schema document within which the ·QName· appears, that is the appropriate case among the following is true:
1.1 If the kind specified is simple or complex type definition, then the property is the {type definitions}.
1.2 If the kind specified is attribute declaration, then the property is the {attribute declarations}.
1.3 If the kind specified is element declaration, then the property is the {element declarations}.
1.4 If the kind specified is attribute group, then the property is the {attribute group definitions}.
1.5 If the kind specified is model group, then the property is the {model group definitions}.
1.6 If the kind specified is notation declaration, then the property is the {notation declarations}.
2 The component's {name} matches the ·local name· of the ·QName·;
3 The component's {target namespace} is identical to the ·namespace name· of the ·QName·;
4 The appropriate case among the following is true:
4.1 If the ·namespace name· of the ·QName· is ·absent·, then one of the following is true
4.1.1 The <schema> element information item of the schema document containing the ·QName· has no targetNamespace [attribute].
4.1.2 The <schema> element information item of the that schema document contains an <import> element information item with no namespace [attribute].
4.2 otherwise the ·namespace name· of the ·QName· is the same as one of the following:
4.2.1 The ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of the <schema> element information item of the schema document containing the ·QName·.
4.2.2 The ·actual value· of the namespace [attribute] of some <import> element information item contained in the <schema> element information item of that schema document.
.

3.16.4 Validation Rules for Schemas as a Whole

As the discussion above at Schema Component Details (§3) makes clear, at the level of schema components and ·validation·, reference to components by name is normally not involved. In a few cases, however, qualified names appearing in information items being ·validated· must be resolved to schema components by such lookup. The following constraint is appealed to in these cases.

Validation Rule: QName resolution (Instance)
A pair of a local name and a namespace name (or ·absent·) resolve to a schema component of a specified kind in the context of ·validation· by appeal to the appropriate property of the schema being used for the ·assessment·. Each such property indexes components by name. The property to use is determined by the kind of component specified, that is, the appropriate case among the following must be true:
1 If the kind specified is simple or complex type definition, then the property is the {type definitions}.
2 If the kind specified is attribute declaration, then the property is the {attribute declarations}.
3 If the kind specified is element declaration, then the property is the {element declarations}.
4 If the kind specified is attribute group, then the property is the {attribute group definitions}.
5 If the kind specified is model group, then the property is the {model group definitions}.
6 If the kind specified is notation declaration, then the property is the {notation declarations}.
The component resolved to is the entry in the table whose {name} matches the local name of the pair and whose {target namespace} is identical to the namespace name of the pair.

3.16.5 Schema Information Set Contributions

Schema Information Set Contribution: Schema Information
Schema components provide a wealth of information about the basis of ·assessment·, which may well be of relevance to subsequent processing. Reflecting component structure into a form suitable for inclusion in the ·post-schema-validation infoset· is the way this specification provides for making this information available.

Accordingly, [Definition:]   by an item isomorphic to a component is meant an information item whose type is equivalent to the component's, with one property per property of the component, with the same name, and value either the same atomic value, or an information item corresponding in the same way to its component value, recursively, as necessary.

The ·validation root· has the following properties:

PSVI Contributions for element or attribute information items
[schema information]
A set of namespace schema information information items, one for each namespace name which appears as the {target namespace} of any schema component in the schema used for that assessment, and one for ·absent· if any schema component in the schema had no {target namespace}. Each namespace schema information information item has the following properties and values:
PSVI Contributions for namespace schema information information items
[schema namespace]
A namespace name or ·absent·.
[schema components]
A (possibly empty) set of schema component information items, each one an ·item isomorphic· to a component whose {target namespace} is the sibling [schema namespace] property above, drawn from the schema used for ·assessment·.
[schema documents]
A (possibly empty) set of schema document information items, with properties and values as follows, for each schema document which contributed components to the schema, and whose targetNamespace matches the sibling [schema namespace] property above (or whose targetNamespace was ·absent· but that contributed components to that namespace by being <include>d by a schema document with that targetNamespace as per Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>) (§4.2.1)):
PSVI Contributions for schema document information items
[document location]
Either a URI reference, if available, otherwise ·absent·
[document]
A document information item, if available, otherwise ·absent·.
The [schema components] property is provided for processors which wish to provide a single access point to the components of the schema which was used during ·assessment·. Lightweight processors are free to leave it empty, but if it is provided, it must contain at a minimum all the top-level (i.e. named) components which actually figured in the ·assessment·, either directly or (because an anonymous component which figured is contained within) indirectly.
Schema Information Set Contribution: ID/IDREF Table
In the ·post-schema-validation infoset· a set of ID/IDREF binding information items is associated with the ·validation root·:
PSVI Contributions for element information items
[ID/IDREF table]
A (possibly empty) set of ID/IDREF binding information items, as specified below.
[Definition:]  Let the eligible item set be the set of consisting of every attribute or element information item for which all of the following are true:
1 its [validation context] is the ·validation root·;
2 it was successfully ·validated· with respect to an attribute declaration as per Attribute Locally Valid (§3.2.4) or element declaration as per Element Locally Valid (Element) (§3.3.4) (as appropriate) whose attribute {type definition} or element {type definition} (respectively) is the built-in ID, IDREF or IDREFS simple type definition or a type constructed from one of them.

Then there is one ID/IDREF binding in the [ID/IDREF table] for every distinct string which isone of the following:

1 the ·actual value· of a member of the ·eligible item set· whose type definition is or is constructed from ID or IDREF;
2 one of the items in the ·actual value· of a member of the ·eligible item set· whose type definition is or is constructed from IDREFS.
Each ID/IDREF binding has properties as follows:
PSVI Contributions for ID/IDREF binding information items
[id]
The string identified above.
[binding]
A set consisting of every element information item for which all of the following are true:
2 it has an attribute information item in its [attributes] or an element information item in its [children] which was ·validated· by the built-in ID simple type definition or a type constructed from it whose [schema normalized value] is the [id] of this ID/IDREF binding.
The net effect of the above is to have one entry for every string used as an id, whether by declaration or by reference, associated with those elements, if any, which actually purport to have that id. See Validation Root Valid (ID/IDREF) (§3.3.4) above for the validation rule which actually checks for errors here.
Note: The ID/IDREF binding information item, unlike most other aspects of this specification, is essentially an internal bookkeeping mechanism. It is introduced to support the definition of Validation Root Valid (ID/IDREF) (§3.3.4) above. Accordingly, conformant processors may, but are not required to, expose it in the ·post-schema-validation infoset·. In other words, the above constraint may be read as saying ·assessment· proceeds as if such an infoset item existed.

4 Schemas and Namespaces: Access and Composition

Issue (RQ-151i):Issue 2824 (RQ-151 schema composition)

Experience with version 1.0 has shown that the rules in this section miss a few cases, and are unclear in others. A full rewrite taking a more formal approach, without changing the intended semantics, will be done to address these problems.

Resolution:

Give a complete and formal definition of schema composition, and use it for currently defined (e.g. include) and currently undefined (e.g. schema docs on command line) cases.

This chapter defines the mechanisms by which this specification establishes the necessary precondition for ·assessment·, namely access to one or more schemas. This chapter also sets out in detail the relationship between schemas and namespaces, as well as mechanisms for modularization of schemas, including provision for incorporating definitions and declarations from one schema in another, possibly with modifications.

Conformance (§2.4) describes three levels of conformance for schema processors, and Schemas and Schema-validity Assessment (§5) provides a formal definition of ·assessment·. This section sets out in detail the 3-layer architecture implied by the three conformance levels. The layers are:

  1. The ·assessment· core, relating schema components and instance information items;
  2. Schema representation: the connections between XML representations and schema components, including the relationships between namespaces and schema components;
  3. XML Schema web-interoperability guidelines: instance->schema and schema->schema connections for the WWW.

Layer 1 specifies the manner in which a schema composed of schema components can be applied to in the ·assessment· of an instance element information item. Layer 2 specifies the use of <schema> elements in XML documents as the standard XML representation for schema information in a broad range of computer systems and execution environments. To support interoperation over the World Wide Web in particular, layer 3 provides a set of conventions for schema reference on the Web. Additional details on each of the three layers is provided in the sections below.

next sub-section4.1 Layer 1: Summary of the Schema-validity Assessment Core

The fundamental purpose of the ·assessment· core is to define ·assessment· for a single element information item and its descendants with respect to a complex type definition. All processors are required to implement this core predicate in a manner which conforms exactly to this specification.

·assessment· is defined with reference to an ·XML Schema· (note not a ·schema document·) which consists of (at a minimum) the set of schema components (definitions and declarations) required for that ·assessment·. This is not a circular definition, but rather a post facto observation: no element information item can be fully assessed unless all the components required by any aspect of its (potentially recursive) ·assessment· are present in the schema.

As specified above, each schema component is associated directly or indirectly with a target namespace, or explicitly with no namespace. In the case of multi-namespace documents, components for more than one target namespace will co-exist in a schema.

Processors have the option to assemble (and perhaps to optimize or pre-compile) the entire schema prior to the start of an ·assessment· episode, or to gather the schema lazily as individual components are required. In all cases it is required that:

  • The processor succeed in locating the ·schema components· transitively required to complete an ·assessment· (note that components derived from ·schema documents· can be integrated with components obtained through other means);
  • no definition or declaration changes once it has been established;
  • if the processor chooses to acquire declarations and definitions dynamically, that there be no side effects of such dynamic acquisition that would cause the results of ·assessment· to differ from that which would have been obtained from the same schema components acquired in bulk.
Note:  the ·assessment· core is defined in terms of schema components at the abstract level, and no mention is made of the schema definition syntax (i.e. <schema>). Although many processors will acquire schemas in this format, others may operate on compiled representations, on a programmatic representation as exposed in some programming language, etc.

The obligation of a schema-aware processor as far as the ·assessment· core is concerned is to implement one or more of the options for ·assessment· given below in Assessing Schema-Validity (§5.2). Neither the choice of element information item for that ·assessment·, nor which of the means of initiating ·assessment· are used, is within the scope of this specification.

Although ·assessment· is defined recursively, it is also intended to be implementable in streaming processors. Such processors may choose to incrementally assemble the schema during processing in response, for example, to encountering new namespaces. The implication of the invariants expressed above is that such incremental assembly must result in an ·assessment· outcome that is the same as would be given if ·assessment· was undertaken again with the final, fully assembled schema.

previous sub-section next sub-section4.2 Layer 2: Schema Documents, Namespaces and Composition

The sub-sections of Schema Component Details (§3) define an XML representation for type definitions and element declarations and so on, specifying their target namespace and collecting them into schema documents. The two following sections relate to assembling a complete schema for ·assessment· from multiple sources. They should not be understood as a form of text substitution, but rather as providing mechanisms for distributed definition of schema components, with appropriate schema-specific semantics.

Note:  The core ·assessment· architecture requires that a complete schema with all the necessary declarations and definitions be available. This may involve resolving both instance → schema and schema → schema references. As observed earlier in Conformance (§2.4), the precise mechanisms for resolving such references are expected to evolve over time. In support of such evolution, this specification observes the design principle that references from one schema document to a schema use mechanisms that directly parallel those used to reference a schema from an instance document.
Note: In the sections below, "schemaLocation" really belongs at layer 3. For convenience, it is documented with the layer 2 mechanisms of import and include, with which it is closely associated.

4.2.1 Assembling a schema for a single target namespace from multiple schema definition documents (<include>)

Schema components for a single target namespace can be assembled from several ·schema documents·, that is several <schema> element information items:

XML Representation Summary: include Element Information Item

<include
  id = ID
  schemaLocation = anyURI
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</include>

A <schema> information item may contain any number of <include> elements. Their schemaLocation attributes, consisting of a URI reference, identify other ·schema documents·, that is <schema> information items.

The ·XML Schema· corresponding to <schema> contains not only the components corresponding to its definition and declaration [children], but also all the components of all the ·XML Schemas· corresponding to any <include>d schema documents. Such included schema documents must either (a) have the same targetNamespace as the <include>ing schema document, or (b) no targetNamespace at all, in which case the <include>d schema document is converted to the <include>ing schema document's targetNamespace.

Schema Representation Constraint: Inclusion Constraints and Semantics
In addition to the conditions imposed on <include> element information items by the schema for schemas, all of the following also apply:
1 If the ·actual value· of the schemaLocation [attribute] successfully resolves one of the following must be true:
1.1 It resolves to (a fragment of) a resource which is an XML document (of type application/xml or text/xml with an XML declaration for preference, but this is not required), which in turn corresponds to a <schema> element information item in a well-formed information set, which in turn corresponds to a valid schema.
1.2 It resolves to a <schema> element information item in a well-formed information set, which in turn corresponds to a valid schema.
In either case call the <include>d <schema> item SII, the valid schema I and the <include>ing item's parent <schema> item SII’.
2 One of the following must be true:
2.1 SII has a targetNamespace [attribute], and its ·actual value· is identical to the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of SII’ (which must have such an [attribute]).
2.2 Neither SII nor SII’ have a targetNamespace [attribute].
2.3 SII has no targetNamespace [attribute] (but SII’ does).
3 The appropriate case among the following must be true:
3.1 If clause 2.1 or clause 2.2 above is satisfied, then the schema corresponding to SII’ includes not only definitions or declarations corresponding to the appropriate members of its own [children], but also components identical to all the ·schema components· of I.
3.2 If clause 2.3 above is satisfied, then the schema corresponding to the <include>d item's parent <schema> includes not only definitions or declarations corresponding to the appropriate members of its own [children], but also components identical to all the ·schema components· of I, except that anywhere the ·absent· target namespace name would have appeared, the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of SII’ is used. In particular, it replaces ·absent· in the following places:
3.2.1 The {target namespace} of named schema components, both at the top level and (in the case of nested type definitions and nested attribute and element declarations whose code was qualified) nested within definitions;
3.2.2 The{namespaces} of the {namespace constraint} of a wildcard
Note: If a schema document is to be included in a way as described in clause 2.3, then it should avoid using either ##other or ##local in a wildcard, because the result of the inclusion will not be the same as if the schema document being included had a targetNamespace [attribute] that is the same as that of the including schema document.

It is not an error for the ·actual value· of the schemaLocation [attribute] to fail to resolve it all, in which case no corresponding inclusion is performed. It is an error for it to resolve but the rest of clause 1 above to fail to be satisfied. Failure to resolve may well cause less than complete ·assessment· outcomes, of course.

As discussed in Missing Sub-components (§5.3), ·QName·s in XML representations may fail to ·resolve·, rendering components incomplete and unusable because of missing subcomponents. During schema construction, implementations must retain ·QName· values for such references, in case an appropriately-named component becomes available to discharge the reference by the time it is actually needed. ·Absent· target ·namespace name·s of such as-yet unresolved reference ·QName·s in <include>d components must also be converted if clause 3.2 is satisfied.

Note: The above is carefully worded so that multiple <include>ing of the same schema document will not constitute a violation of clause 2 of Schema Properties Correct (§3.16.6), but applications are allowed, indeed encouraged, to avoid <include>ing the same schema document more than once to forestall the necessity of establishing identity component by component.

4.2.2 Including modified component definitions (<redefine>)

In order to provide some support for evolution and versioning, it is possible to incorporate components corresponding to a schema document with modifications. The modifications have a pervasive impact, that is, only the redefined components are used, even when referenced from other incorporated components, whether redefined themselves or not.

<redefine
  id = ID
  schemaLocation = anyURI
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation | (simpleType | complexType | group | attributeGroup))*
</redefine>

A <schema> information item may contain any number of <redefine> elements. Their schemaLocation attributes, consisting of a URI reference, identify other ·schema documents·, that is <schema> information items.

The ·XML Schema· corresponding to <schema> contains not only the components corresponding to its definition and declaration [children], but also all the components of all the ·XML Schemas· corresponding to any <redefine>d schema documents. Such schema documents must either (a) have the same targetNamespace as the <redefine>ing schema document, or (b) no targetNamespace at all, in which case the <redefine>d schema document is converted to the <redefine>ing schema document's targetNamespace.

The definitions within the <redefine> element itself are restricted to be redefinitions of components from the <redefine>d schema document, in terms of themselves. That is,

  • Type definitions must use themselves as their base type definition;
  • Attribute group definitions and model group definitions must be supersets or subsets of their original definitions, either by including exactly one reference to themselves or by containing only (possibly restricted) components which appear in a corresponding way in their <redefine>d selves.

Not all the components of the <redefine>d schema document need be redefined.

This mechanism is intended to provide a declarative and modular approach to schema modification, with functionality no different except in scope from what would be achieved by wholesale text copying and redefinition by editing. In particular redefining a type is not guaranteed to be side-effect free: it may have unexpected impacts on other type definitions which are based on the redefined one, even to the extent that some such definitions become ill-formed.

Note: The pervasive impact of redefinition reinforces the need for implementations to adopt some form of lazy or 'just-in-time' approach to component construction, which is also called for in order to avoid inappropriate dependencies on the order in which definitions and references appear in (collections of) schema documents.
Example
v1.xsd:
 <xs:complexType name="personName">
  <xs:sequence>
   <xs:element name="title" minOccurs="0"/>
   <xs:element name="forename" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
  </xs:sequence>
 </xs:complexType>

 <xs:element name="addressee" type="personName"/>

v2.xsd:
 <xs:redefine schemaLocation="v1.xsd">
  <xs:complexType name="personName">
   <xs:complexContent>
    <xs:extension base="personName">
     <xs:sequence>
      <xs:element name="generation" minOccurs="0"/>
     </xs:sequence>
    </xs:extension>
   </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
 </xs:redefine>

 <xs:element name="author" type="personName"/>
  
The schema corresponding to v2.xsd has everything specified by v1.xsd, with the personName type redefined, as well as everything it specifies itself. According to this schema, elements constrained by the personName type may end with a generation element. This includes not only the author element, but also the addressee element.
Schema Representation Constraint: Redefinition Constraints and Semantics
In addition to the conditions imposed on <redefine> element information items by the schema for schemas all of the following also apply:
1 If there are any element information items among the [children] other than <annotation> then the ·actual value· of the schemaLocation [attribute] must successfully resolve.
2 If the ·actual value· of the schemaLocation [attribute] successfully resolves one of the following must be true:
2.1 it resolves to (a fragment of) a resource which is an XML document (see clause 1.1), which in turn corresponds to a <schema> element information item in a well-formed information set, which in turn corresponds to a valid schema.
2.2 It resolves to a <schema> element information item in a well-formed information set, which in turn corresponds to a valid schema.
In either case call the <redefine>d <schema> item SII, the valid schema I and the <redefine>ing item's parent <schema> item SII’.
3 One of the following must be true:
3.1 SII has a targetNamespace [attribute], and its ·actual value· is identical to the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of SII’ (which must have such an [attribute]).
3.2 Neither SII nor SII’ have a targetNamespace [attribute].
3.3 SII has no targetNamespace [attribute] (but SII’ does).
4 The appropriate case among the following must be true:
4.1 If clause 3.1 or clause 3.2 above is satisfied, then the schema corresponding to SII’ includes not only definitions or declarations corresponding to the appropriate members of its own [children], but also components identical to all the ·schema components· of I, with the exception of those explicitly redefined (see Individual Component Redefinition (§4.2.2) below).
4.2 If clause 3.3 above is satisfied, then the schema corresponding to SII’ includes not only definitions or declarations corresponding to the appropriate members of its own [children], but also components identical to all the ·schema components· of I, with the exception of those explicitly redefined (see Individual Component Redefinition (§4.2.2) below), except that anywhere the ·absent· target namespace name would have appeared, the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of SII’ is used (see clause 3.2 in Inclusion Constraints and Semantics (§4.2.1) for details).
5 Within the [children], each <simpleType> must have a <restriction> among its [children] and each <complexType> must have a restriction or extension among its grand-[children] the ·actual value· of whose base [attribute] must be the same as the ·actual value· of its own name attribute plus target namespace;
6 Within the [children], for each <group> the appropriate case among the following must be true:
6.1 If it has a <group> among its contents at some level the ·actual value· of whose ref [attribute] is the same as the ·actual value· of its own name attribute plus target namespace, then all of the following are true:
6.1.1 It has exactly one such group.
6.1.2 The ·actual value· of both that group's minOccurs and maxOccurs [attribute] is 1 (or ·absent·).
6.2 If it has no such self-reference, then all of the following are true:
6.2.1 The ·actual value· of its own name attribute plus target namespace successfully ·resolves· to a model group definition in I.
6.2.2 The {model group} of the model group definition which corresponds to it per XML Representation of Model Group Definition Schema Components (§3.7.2) accepts a subset of the element sequences accepted by that model group definition in I. See Checking content-type restriction (§I) for references to techniques for checking the subset relation on content models.
7 Within the [children], for each <attributeGroup> the appropriate case among the following must be true:
7.1 If it has an <attributeGroup> among its contents the ·actual value· of whose ref [attribute] is the same as the ·actual value· of its own name attribute plus target namespace, then it has exactly one such group.
7.2 If it has no such self-reference, then all of the following are true:
7.2.1 The ·actual value· of its own name attribute plus target namespace successfully ·resolves· to an attribute group definition in I.
7.2.2 The {attribute uses} and {attribute wildcard} of the attribute group definition which corresponds to it per XML Representation of Attribute Group Definition Schema Components (§3.6.2) ||is valid restrictions of the {attribute uses} and {attribute wildcard} of that attribute group definition in I, as defined in clause 2, clause 3 and clause 4 of Derivation Valid (Restriction, Complex) (§3.4.6) (where references to the base type definition are understood as references to the attribute group definition in I)||||accept a subset of the attribute-instance sets accepted by the attribute group definition in I. See Implementing 'actually restricts' (§H) for further details on checking the subset relation on attribute groups||.
Note: An attribute group restrictively redefined per clause 7.2 corresponds to an attribute group whose {attribute uses} consist all and only of those attribute uses corresponding to <attribute>s explicitly present among the [children] of the <redefine>ing <attributeGroup>. No inheritance from the <redefine>d attribute group occurs. Its {attribute wildcard} is similarly based purely on an explicit <anyAttribute>, if present.
Schema Representation Constraint: Individual Component Redefinition
Corresponding to each non-<annotation> member of the [children] of a <redefine> there are one or two schema components in the <redefine>ing schema:
1 The <simpleType> and <complexType> [children] information items each correspond to two components:
1.1 One component which corresponds to the top-level definition item with the same name in the <redefine>d schema document, as defined in Schema Component Details (§3), except that its {name} is ·absent· and its {context} is the redefining component, as defined in clause 1.2 below;
1.2 One component which corresponds to the information item itself, as defined in Schema Component Details (§3), except that its {base type definition} is the component defined in clause 1.1 above.
This pairing ensures the coherence constraints on type definitions are respected, while at the same time achieving the desired effect, namely that references to names of redefined components in both the <redefine>ing and <redefine>d schema documents resolve to the redefined component as specified in 1.2 above.
2 The <group> and <attributeGroup> [children] each correspond to a single component, as defined in Schema Component Details (§3), except that if and when a self-reference based on a ref [attribute] whose ·actual value· is the same as the item's name plus target namespace is resolved, a component which corresponds to the top-level definition item of that name and the appropriate kind in I is used.
In all cases there must be a top-level definition item of the appropriate name and kind in the <redefine>d schema document.
Note: The above is carefully worded so that multiple equivalent <redefine>ing of the same schema document will not constitute a violation of clause 2 of Schema Properties Correct (§3.16.6), but applications are allowed, indeed encouraged, to avoid <redefine>ing the same schema document in the same way more than once to forestall the necessity of establishing identity component by component (although this will have to be done for the individual redefinitions themselves).

4.2.3 References to schema components across namespaces (<import>)

As described in XML Schema Abstract Data Model (§2.2), every top-level schema component is associated with a target namespace (or, explicitly, with none). Furthermore, each schema document carries on its <schema> element at most one targetNamespace attribute associating that document with a target namespace. This section sets out the syntax and mechanisms by which references may be made from within a ·schema document· to components not within that document's target namespace. Also included within the same syntax is an optional facility for suggesting the URI of a ·schema document· containing definitions and declarations for components from the foreign target namespace.

Note:  Some users of XML Schema Version 1.0 have mistakenly assumed that the primary purpose of the <import> is to cause retrieval of a resource identified by the schemaLocation attribute. Although the function of <import> is unchanged in XML Schema Version 1.1, the presentation below has been reorganized to clarify the two separate purposes served by <import>.
XML Representation Summary: import Element Information Item

<import
  id = ID
  namespace = anyURI
  schemaLocation = anyURI
  {any attributes with non-schema namespace . . .}>
  Content: (annotation?)
</import>

The <import> element information item identifies namespaces used in external references, i.e. those whose ·QName· identifies them as coming from a different namespace (or none) than the enclosing schema document's targetNamespace.

4.2.3.1 Licensing References to Components Across Namespaces

At least two conditions must be satisfied for a reference to be made to a foreign component: there must be not only a means of addressing such foreign components but also a signal to schema-aware processors that a schema document contains such references. Thus, the <import> element information item identifies namespaces used in external component references, i.e. those whose ·QName· identifies them as coming from a namespace different from that of the enclosing schema document's targetNamespace. By contrast, a namespace used for other purposes in a schema document need not be imported. There is no need, for example, to import the namespace of a vocabulary such as HTML for use in schema <documentation> elements, unless that same namespace is also used as the target namespace for component references.

The ·actual value· of the namespace [attribute] indicates that the containing schema document may contain qualified references to schema components in that namespace (via one or more prefixes declared with namespace declarations in the normal way). If that attribute is absent, then the import allows unqualified reference to components with no target namespace. Note that components to be imported need not be in the form of a ·schema document· and need not in particular be declared in the particular schema document identified by a schemaLocation attribute; the processor is free to access or construct components using means of its own choosing, whether or not a schemaLocation hint is provided.

Example
<schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
        xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
        targetNamespace="uri:mywork" xmlns:my="uri:mywork">

 <import namespace="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"/>

 <annotation>
  <documentation>
   <html:p>[Some documentation for my schema]</html:p>
  </documentation>
 </annotation>

 . . .

 <complexType name="myType">
  <sequence>
   <element ref="html:p" minOccurs="0"/>
  </sequence>
  . . .
 </complexType>

 <element name="myElt" type="my:myType"/>
</schema>
The treatment of references as ·QNames· implies that since (with the exception of the schema for schemas) the target namespace and the XML Schema namespace differ, without massive redeclaration of the default namespace either internal references to the names being defined in a schema document or the schema declaration and definition elements themselves must be explicitly qualified. This example takes the first option — most other examples in this specification have taken the second.
4.2.3.2 Providing Hints for Schema Document Locations

The ·actual value· of the schemaLocationattribute, if present on an <import> element, gives a hint as to where a serialization of a ·schema document· with declarations and definitions for the imported namespace (or none) may be found. When no schemaLocation [attribute] is present, the schema author is leaving the identification of that schema to the instance, application or user, via the mechanisms described below in Layer 3: Schema Document Access and Web-interoperability (§4.3). When a schemaLocation attribute is present, it must contain a single URI reference which the schema author warrants will resolve to a serialization of a ·schema document· containing component(s) in the <import>ed namespace.

Conformance profiles may further restrict the use of the schemaLocation attribute. For example, one profile might mandate that the hint be honored by the schema software, perhaps calling for a processor-dependent error should the URI fail to resolve, or mandating that the hint agree with some expected URI value; another profile might mandate that the hint not be honored, etc.

Note: Since both the namespace and schemaLocation [attribute] are optional, a bare <import/> information item is allowed. This simply allows unqualified reference to foreign components with no target namespace without giving any hints as to where to find them.
Schema Representation Constraint: Import Constraints and Semantics
In addition to the conditions imposed on <import> element information items by the schema for schemas all of the following also apply:
1 The appropriate case among the following must be true:
1.1 If the namespace [attribute] is present, then its ·actual value· does not match the ·actual value· of the enclosing <schema>'s targetNamespace [attribute].
1.2 If the namespace [attribute] is not present, then the enclosing <schema> has a targetNamespace [attribute]
2 If the application schema reference strategy succeeds using the ·actual value·s of the schemaLocation and namespace [attributes] one of the following must be true:
2.1 The result is (a fragment of) a resource which is an XML document (see clause 1.1), which in turn corresponds to a <schema> element information item in a well-formed information set, which in turn corresponds to a valid schema.
2.2 The result is a <schema> element information item in a well-formed information set, which in turn corresponds to a valid schema.
In either case call the <schema> item SII and the valid schema I.
3 If SII exists, that is, clause 2.1 or clause 2.2 above were satisfied, then the appropriate case among the following must be true:
3.1 If there is a namespace [attribute], then its ·actual value· is identical to the ·actual value· of the targetNamespace [attribute] of SII.
3.2 If there is no namespace [attribute], then SII has no targetNamespace [attribute]

It is not an error for the application schema component reference strategy to fail. It is an error for it to succeed but the rest of clause 2 above to fail to be satisfied. Failure may well cause less than complete ·assessment· outcomes, of course.

The ·schema components· (that is {type definitions}, {attribute declarations}, {element declarations}, {attribute group definitions}, {model group definitions}, {notation declarations}) of a schema corresponding to a <schema> element information item with one or more <import> element information items must include not only definitions or declarations corresponding to the appropriate members of its [children], but also, for each of those <import> element information items for which clause 2 above is satisfied, a set of ·schema components· identical to all the ·schema components· of I.

Note: The above is carefully worded so that multiple <import>ing of the same schema document will not constitute a violation of clause 2 of Schema Properties Correct (§3.16.6), but applications are allowed, indeed encouraged, to avoid <import>ing the same schema document more than once to forestall the necessity of establishing identity component by component. Given that the schemaLocation [attribute] is only a hint, it is open to applications to ignore all but the first <import> for a given namespace, regardless of the ·actual value· of schemaLocation, but such a strategy risks missing useful information when new schemaLocations are offered.

previous sub-section 4.3 Layer 3: Schema Document Access and Web-interoperability

Layers 1 and 2 provide a framework for ·assessment· and XML definition of schemas in a broad variety of environments. Over time, it is possible that a range of standards and conventions may well evolve to support interoperability of XML Schema implementations on the World Wide Web. Layer 3 defines the minimum level of function required of all conformant processors operating on the Web: it is intended that, over time, future standards (e.g. XML Packages) for interoperability on the Web and in other environments can be introduced without the need to republish this specification.

4.3.1 Standards for representation of schemas and retrieval of schema documents on the Web

For interoperability, serialized ·schema documents·, like all other Web resources, should be identified by URI and retrieved using the standard mechanisms of the Web (e.g. http, https, etc.) Such documents on the Web must be part of XML documents (see clause 1.1), and are represented in the standard XML schema definition form described by layer 2 (that is as <schema> element information items).

Note:  there will often be times when a schema document will be a complete XML document whose document element is <schema>. There will be other occasions in which <schema> items will be contained in other documents, perhaps referenced using fragment and/or XPointer notation.
Note: The variations among server software and web site administration policies make it difficult to recommend any particular approach to retrieval requests intended to retrieve serialized ·schema documents·. An Accept header of application/xml, text/xml; q=0.9, */* is perhaps a reasonable starting point.

4.3.2 How schema definitions are located on the Web

As described in Layer 1: Summary of the Schema-validity Assessment Core (§4.1), processors are responsible for providing the schema components (definitions and declarations) needed for ·assessment·. This section introduces a set of normative conventions to facilitate interoperability for instance and schema documents retrieved and processed from the Web.

Note:  As discussed above in Layer 2: Schema Documents, Namespaces and Composition (§4.2), other non-Web mechanisms for delivering schemas for ·assessment· exist, but are outside the scope of this specification.

Processors on the Web are free to undertake ·assessment· against arbitrary schemas in any of the ways set out in Assessing Schema-Validity (§5.2). However, it is useful to have a common convention for determining the schema to use. Accordingly, general-purpose schema-aware processors (i.e. those not specialized to one or a fixed set of pre-determined schemas) undertaking ·assessment· of a document on the web must behave as follows:

  • unless directed otherwise by the user, ·assessment· is undertaken on the document element information item of the specified document;
  • unless directed otherwise by the user, the processor is required to construct a schema corresponding to a schema document whose targetNamespace is identical to the namespace name, if any, of the element information item on which ·assessment· is undertaken.

The composition of the complete schema for use in ·assessment· is discussed in Layer 2: Schema Documents, Namespaces and Composition (§4.2) above. The means used to locate appropriate schema document(s) are processor and application dependent, subject to the following requirements:

  1. Schemas are represented on the Web in the form specified above in Standards for representation of schemas and retrieval of schema documents on the Web (§4.3.1);
  2. The author of a document uses namespace declarations to indicate the intended interpretation of names appearing therein; there may or may not be a schema is retrievable via the namespace name. Accordingly whether a processor's default behavior is or is not to attempt such dereferencing, it must always provide for user-directed overriding of that default.
    Note:  Experience suggests that it is not in all cases safe or desirable from a performance point of view to dereference namespace names as a matter of course. User community and/or consumer/provider agreements may establish circumstances in which such dereference is a sensible default strategy: this specification allows but does not require particular communities to establish and implement such conventions. Users are always free to supply namespace names as schema location information when dereferencing is desired: see below.
  3. On the other hand, in case a document author (human or not) created a document with a particular schema in view, and warrants that some or all of the document conforms to that schema, the schemaLocation and noNamespaceSchemaLocation [attributes] (in the XML Schema instance namespace, that is, http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance) (hereafter xsi:schemaLocation and xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation) are provided. The first records the author's warrant with pairs of URI references (one for the namespace name, and one for a hint as to the location of a schema document defining names for that namespace name). The second similarly provides a URI reference as a hint as to the location of a schema document with no targetNamespace [attribute].

    Unless directed otherwise, for example by the invoking application or by command line option, processors should attempt to dereference each schema document location URI in the ·actual value· of such xsi:schemaLocation and xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation [attributes], see details below.

  4. xsi:schemaLocation and xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation [attributes] can occur on any element. However, it is an error if such an attribute occurs after the first appearance of an element or attribute information item within an element information item initially ·validated· whose [namespace name] it addresses. According to the rules of Layer 1: Summary of the Schema-validity Assessment Core (§4.1), the corresponding schema may be lazily assembled, but is otherwise stable throughout ·assessment·. Although schema location attributes can occur on any element, and can be processed incrementally as discovered, their effect is essentially global to the ·assessment·. Definitions and declarations remain in effect beyond the scope of the element on which the binding is declared.
Example
Multiple schema bindings can be declared using a single attribute. For example consider a stylesheet:
 <stylesheet xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
            xmlns:html="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform
                                http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform.xsd
                                http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml
                                http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml.xsd">
The namespace names used in schemaLocation can, but need not be identical to those actually qualifying the element within whose start tag it is found or its other attributes. For example, as above, all schema location information can be declared on the document element of a document, if desired, regardless of where the namespaces are actually used.

Improved or alternative conventions for Web interoperability can be standardized in the future without reopening this specification. For example, the W3C is currently considering initiatives to standardize the packaging of resources relating to particular documents and/or namespaces: this would be an addition to the mechanisms described here for layer 3. This architecture also facilitates innovation at layer 2: for example, it would be possible in the future to define an additional standard for the representation of schema components which allowed e.g. type definitions to be specified piece by piece, rather than all at once.

5 Schemas and Schema-validity Assessment

Issue (RQ-144i):Issue 2822 (RQ-144 required properties)

A much more systematic and detailed exposition will be provided of what kinds of processing/processors imply what sorts of requirements for properties and their values in the PSVI.

Resolution:

Several overlapping but distinct positions have been offered on this issue. See http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/w3c-xml-schema-ig/2004Mar/0111.html) and http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Member/w3c-xml-schema-ig/2004Mar/0124.html (W3C-member-only links) for details. Summaries follow below:

Position 1
  1. We should say clearly that like the Infoset REC, our description of the PSVI defines, in the first instance, a vocabulary for describing the outcome of schema-validity assessment.
  2. The conformance section should say explicitly what it means to "completely and correctly implement . . . the Schema Information Set Contributions".

    What it should say is that a "Minimally conforming" processor must expose all the specified information.

  3. The existing classes of conformant processors should be renamed
    1. Minimally conforming general-purpose;
    2. Minimally conforming general-purpose, in conformance to the XML Representation of Schemas;
    3. Fully conforming general-purpose.
    And new definitions of corresponding "... special-purpose" processors should be added. These should allow 'self-consistent' subsets of Schema Component Constraints, Validation Rules, and Schema Information Set Contributions.
Position 2
  • Make support of the schema document format and the web media type orthogonal to levels of PSVI reporting. A processor that accepts schema documents "conforms to the XML representation of schemas."
  • Make the processor conformance sections a completely separate chapter, to make clear that other people's processor conformance specs can appeal to the definition of the language and the PSVI.
  • Make very clear that different specs can define processor conformance for different processor classes, and that our own processor classes are ones we recommend but not the only possible ones.
Position 3
  1. We might say that in order to conform w.r.t. the XML transfer syntax, a processor must not only accept all valid schema documents, but should reject or flag all invalid ones (i.e. it's not enough that the processor accept every member of the valid set; it must recognize the valid set by distinguishing it from its complement).
  2. The crucial bit might be the production of some part of the PSVI. The reason an off the shelf XSLT is not a schema processor is that it doesn't produce any actual PSVI output. If it did, it could be.
Synthesis
It was proposed to amend RQ-144 to make it say (not necessarily in these exact words):
  • There should be a clean separation between descriptions of the language(s) and descriptions of processors.
  • We should make a good attempt to call out (in a separate chapter) a particular specification of processor classes that we hope will be useful and widely deployed.
  • We should make clear that other processor class descs are OK.

The architecture of schema-aware processing allows for a rich characterization of XML documents: schema validity is not a binary predicate.

This specification distinguishes between errors in schema construction and structure, on the one hand, and schema validation outcomes, on the other.

next sub-section5.1 Errors in Schema Construction and Structure

Before ·assessment· can be attempted, a schema is required. Special-purpose applications are free to determine a schema for use in ·assessment· by whatever means are appropriate, but general purpose processors should implement and document a strategy for assembling a schema, exploiting at least some if not all of the non-hard-coded methods outlined in Terminology of schema construction (§D.2), starting with the namespaces declared in the document whose ·assessment· is being undertaken, and the ·actual value·s of the xsi:schemaLocation and xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation [attributes] thereof, if any, along with any other information about schema identity or schema document location provided by users in application-specific ways, if any.

It is an error if a schema and all the components which are the value of any of its properties, recursively, fail to satisfy all the relevant Constraints on Schemas set out in the last section of each of the subsections of Schema Component Details (§3).

If a schema is derived from one or more schema documents (that is, one or more <schema> element information items) based on the correspondence rules set out in Schema Component Details (§3) and Schemas and Namespaces: Access and Composition (§4), two additional conditions hold:

The three cases described above are the only types of error which this specification defines. With respect to the processes of the checking of schema structure and the construction of schemas corresponding to schema documents, this specification imposes no restrictions on processors after an error is detected. However ·assessment· with respect to schema-like entities which do not satisfy all the above conditions is incoherent. Accordingly, conformant processors must not attempt to undertake ·assessment· using such non-schemas.

previous sub-section next sub-section5.2 Assessing Schema-Validity

With a schema which satisfies the conditions expressed in Errors in Schema Construction and Structure (§5.1) above, the schema-validity of an element or attribute information item (the ·validation root·) can be assessed. Five primary approaches to this are described and given names here; conforming processors may but are not required to provide interfaces so that they can be invoked in ways consistent with any or all of these approaches.

type-driven validation
The user or application identifies a type definition from among the type definitions of the schema. If the ·validation root· is an element, then it is validated as described in Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) (clause 1.2); if it is an attribute, then it is validated with respect to that type definition as described in String Valid (§3.15.4).
Note: Top-level (named) types should be supported; support for local types is optional.
The user or application identifies an element declaration from among the element declarations of the schema, checks that its {name} and {target namespace} match the [local name] and [namespace name] of the item, and the item is validated as described in Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) (clause 1.1);
Note: Top-level elements should be supported; support for local elements is optional.
attribute-driven validation
The user or application identifies an attribute declaration from among the attribute declarations of the schema, checks that its {name} and {target namespace} match the [local name] and [namespace name] of the item, and the item is validated as described in Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute) (§3.2.4) (clause 1.3);
lax wildcard validation
The processor starts from Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) with no stipulated declaration or definition. If the ·validation root· and the schema determine an element declaration (by the name of the element), an attribute declaration (by the name of the attribute), or a type definition (by xsi:type), then ·strict validation· is performed. If they do not idenfity any declaration or definition, then ·lax validation· is performed.
Note: The name for this method of invocation reflects the fact that it is analogous to the validation of an element information item which matches a lax wildcard.
strict wildcard validation
The processor starts from Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) with no stipulated declaration or definition. If the ·validation root· and the schema determine an element declaration (by the name of the element), an attribute declaration (by the name of the attribute), or a type definition (via xsi:type), then ·strict· validation is performed; if they do not identify any declaration or definition, then no schema-validity assessment is performed.
Note: From the point of view of schema-validity assessment and the resulting ·post-schema-validation infoset·, lax and strict wildcard validation produce the same result. The distinction is provided in order to provide two different terms to express the different expectations of the invoking process.

In typical cases strict wildcard validation will be performed when the invoking process expects the ·validation root· to be declared and valid and will otherwise report an error to its environment. If the absence of a declaration for the ·validation root· counts as a successful outcome of validation, then it is preferable to use lax wildcard validation instead.

The name for this method of invocation reflects the fact that it is analogous to the validation of an element information item which matches a strict wildcard.

Note: For type-, element-, and attribute-driven validation, there is no requirement that the declaration or definition identified by the user or application be a top-level component of the schema. Mechanisms for referring to other components are out of scope for this specification, but see [XML Schema: Component Designators].

[Definition:]  The element or attribute information item at which ·assessment· begins is called the validation root.

The outcome of schema-validity assessment will be manifest in the [validation attempted] and [validity] properties on the ·validation root·, and if the ·validation root· is an element information item then also on its [attributes] and [children], recursively, as defined by Assessment Outcome (Element) (§3.3.5) and Assessment Outcome (Attribute) (§3.2.5). There is no requirement that input which is not schema-valid be rejected by an application. It is up to applications to decide what constitutes a successful outcome of validation.

Note that every element and attribute information item participating in the ·assessment· will also have a [validation context] property which refers back to the ·validation root·. .

Note: This specification does not reconstruct the XML notion of root in either schemas or instances. Equivalent functionality is provided for at ·assessment· invocation, via element-driven validation above.
Note: This specification has nothing normative to say about multiple ·assessment· episodes. It should however be clear from the above that if a processor restarts ·assessment· with respect to a ·post-schema-validation infoset· some ·post-schema-validation infoset· contributions from the previous ·assessment· may be overwritten. Restarting nonetheless may be useful, particularly at a node whose [validation attempted] property is none, in which case there are three obvious cases in which additional useful information may result:
  • ·assessment· was not attempted because of a ·validation· failure, but declarations and/or definitions are available for at least some of the [children] or [attributes];
  • ·assessment· was not attempted because a named definition or declaration was missing, but after further effort the processor has retrieved it.
  • ·assessment· was not attempted because it was skipped, but the processor has at least some declarations and/or definitions available for at least some of the [children] or [attributes].

previous sub-section next sub-section5.3 Missing Sub-components

At the beginning of Schema Component Details (§3), attention is drawn to the fact that most kinds of schema components have properties which are described therein as having other components, or sets of other components, as values, but that when components are constructed on the basis of their correspondence with element information items in schema documents, such properties usually correspond to QNames, and the ·resolution· of such QNames may fail, resulting in one or more values of or containing ·absent· where a component is mandated.

If at any time during ·assessment·, an element or attribute information item is being ·validated· with respect to a component of any kind any of whose properties has or contains such an ·absent· value, the ·validation· is modified, as following:

Because of the value specification for [validation attempted] in Assessment Outcome (Element) (§3.3.5), if this situation ever arises, the document as a whole cannot show a [validation attempted] of full.

A Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative)

The XML representation of the schema for schema documents is presented here as a normative part of the specification, and as an illustrative example of how the XML Schema language can define itself using its own constructs. The names of XML Schema language types, elements, attributes and groups defined here are evocative of their purpose, but are occasionally verbose.

There is some annotation in comments, but a fuller annotation will require the use of embedded documentation facilities or a hyperlinked external annotation for which tools are not yet readily available.

Like any other XML document, schema documents may carry XML and document type declarations. An XML declaration and a document type declaration are provided here for convenience. Since this schema document describes the XML Schema language, the targetNamespace attribute on the schema element refers to the XML Schema namespace itself.

Schema documents conforming to this specification may be in XML 1.0 or XML 1.1. Conforming implementations may accept input in XML 1.0 or XML 1.1 or both. See Dependencies on Other Specifications (§1.3).

Schema for schema documents
<!DOCTYPE xs:schema PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XMLSCHEMA 200102//EN" "XMLSchema.dtd" [

<!-- provide ID type information even for parsers which only read the
     internal subset -->
<!ATTLIST xs:schema          id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:complexType     id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:complexContent  id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:simpleContent   id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:extension       id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:element         id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:group           id  ID  #IMPLIED> 
<!ATTLIST xs:all             id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:choice          id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:sequence        id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:any             id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:anyAttribute    id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:attribute       id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:attributeGroup  id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:unique          id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:key             id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:keyref          id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:selector        id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:field           id  ID  #IMPLIED>

<!ATTLIST xs:assert          id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:report          id  ID  #IMPLIED>

<!ATTLIST xs:include         id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:import          id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:redefine        id  ID  #IMPLIED>
<!ATTLIST xs:notation        id  ID  #IMPLIED>
]>

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" blockDefault="#all"
           elementFormDefault="qualified" xml:lang="EN"
           targetNamespace="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
           version="structures.xsd (wd-20060831)">
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:documentation  source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html">
   The schema corresponding to this document is normative,
   with respect to the syntactic constraints it expresses in the
   XML Schema language.  The documentation (within &lt;documentation> elements)
   below, is not normative, but rather highlights important aspects of
   the W3C Recommendation of which this is a part</xs:documentation>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:documentation>
   The simpleType element and all of its members are defined
   in datatypes.xsd</xs:documentation>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:include schemaLocation="datatypes.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace"
             schemaLocation="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml.xsd">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
       Get access to the xml: attribute groups for xml:lang
       as declared on 'schema' and 'documentation' below
     </xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:import>
  <xs:complexType name="openAttrs">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
       This type is extended by almost all schema types
       to allow attributes from other namespaces to be
       added to user schemas.
     </xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:anyType">
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="annotated">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
       This type is extended by all types which allow annotation
       other than &lt;schema> itself
     </xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:openAttrs">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="id" type="xs:ID"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:group name="schemaTop">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   This group is for the
   elements which occur freely at the top level of schemas.
   All of their types are based on the "annotated" type by extension.</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:group ref="xs:redefinable"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:element"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:attribute"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:notation"/>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:group name="redefinable">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   This group is for the
   elements which can self-redefine (see &lt;redefine> below).</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:element ref="xs:simpleType"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:complexType"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:group"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:attributeGroup"/>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:simpleType name="formChoice">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:NMTOKEN">
      <xs:enumeration value="qualified"/>
      <xs:enumeration value="unqualified"/>
    </xs:restriction>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="reducedDerivationControl">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:derivationControl">
      <xs:enumeration value="extension"/>
      <xs:enumeration value="restriction"/>
    </xs:restriction>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="derivationSet">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
      <xs:documentation>
   #all or (possibly empty) subset of {extension, restriction}</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:union>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
          <xs:enumeration value="#all"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:list itemType="xs:reducedDerivationControl"/>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:union>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="typeDerivationControl">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:derivationControl">
      <xs:enumeration value="extension"/>
      <xs:enumeration value="restriction"/>
      <xs:enumeration value="list"/>
      <xs:enumeration value="union"/>
    </xs:restriction>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="fullDerivationSet">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
      <xs:documentation>
   #all or (possibly empty) subset of {extension, restriction, list, union}</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:union>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
          <xs:enumeration value="#all"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:list itemType="xs:typeDerivationControl"/>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:union>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:element name="schema" id="schema">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-schema"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:openAttrs">
          <xs:sequence>
            <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
              <xs:element ref="xs:include"/>
              <xs:element ref="xs:import"/>
              <xs:element ref="xs:redefine"/>
              <xs:element ref="xs:annotation"/>
            </xs:choice>
            <xs:sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
              <xs:group ref="xs:schemaTop"/>
              <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"
                          maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
            </xs:sequence>
          </xs:sequence>
          <xs:attribute name="targetNamespace" type="xs:anyURI"/>
          <xs:attribute name="version" type="xs:token"/>
          <xs:attribute name="finalDefault" type="xs:fullDerivationSet"
                        default="" use="optional"/>
          <xs:attribute name="blockDefault" type="xs:blockSet" default=""
                        use="optional"/>
          <xs:attribute name="attributeFormDefault" type="xs:formChoice"
                        default="unqualified" use="optional"/>
          <xs:attribute name="elementFormDefault" type="xs:formChoice"
                        default="unqualified" use="optional"/>
          <xs:attribute name="id" type="xs:ID"/>
          <xs:attribute ref="xml:lang"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
    <xs:key name="element">
      <xs:selector xpath="xs:element"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
    <xs:key name="attribute">
      <xs:selector xpath="xs:attribute"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
    <xs:key name="type">
      <xs:selector xpath="xs:complexType|xs:simpleType"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
    <xs:key name="group">
      <xs:selector xpath="xs:group"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
    <xs:key name="attributeGroup">
      <xs:selector xpath="xs:attributeGroup"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
    <xs:key name="notation">
      <xs:selector xpath="xs:notation"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
    <xs:key name="identityConstraint">
      <xs:selector xpath=".//xs:key|.//xs:unique|.//xs:keyref"/>
      <xs:field xpath="@name"/>
    </xs:key>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:simpleType name="allNNI">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   for maxOccurs</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:union memberTypes="xs:nonNegativeInteger">
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:NMTOKEN">
          <xs:enumeration value="unbounded"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:union>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:attributeGroup name="occurs">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   for all particles</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:attribute name="minOccurs" type="xs:nonNegativeInteger" default="1"
                  use="optional"/>
    <xs:attribute name="maxOccurs" type="xs:allNNI" default="1" use="optional"/>
  </xs:attributeGroup>
  <xs:attributeGroup name="defRef">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   for element, group and attributeGroup,
   which both define and reference</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName"/>
    <xs:attribute name="ref" type="xs:QName"/>
  </xs:attributeGroup>
  <xs:group name="typeDefParticle">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   'complexType' uses this</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:element name="group" type="xs:groupRef"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:all"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:choice"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:sequence"/>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:group name="nestedParticle">
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:element name="element" type="xs:localElement"/>
      <xs:element name="group" type="xs:groupRef"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:choice"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:sequence"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:any"/>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:group name="particle">
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:element name="element" type="xs:localElement"/>
      <xs:element name="group" type="xs:groupRef"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:all"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:choice"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:sequence"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:any"/>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:complexType name="attribute">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element name="simpleType" type="xs:localSimpleType" minOccurs="0"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:defRef"/>
        <xs:attribute name="type" type="xs:QName"/>
        <xs:attribute name="use" default="optional" use="optional">
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:NMTOKEN">
              <xs:enumeration value="prohibited"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="optional"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="required"/>
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:attribute>
        <xs:attribute name="default" type="xs:string"/>
        <xs:attribute name="fixed" type="xs:string"/>
        <xs:attribute name="form" type="xs:formChoice"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="topLevelAttribute">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:attribute">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:element name="simpleType" type="xs:localSimpleType" minOccurs="0"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="form" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="use" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:group name="attrDecls">
    <xs:sequence>
      <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <xs:element name="attribute" type="xs:attribute"/>
        <xs:element name="attributeGroup" type="xs:attributeGroupRef"/>
      </xs:choice>
      <xs:element ref="xs:anyAttribute" minOccurs="0"/>
    </xs:sequence>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:element name="anyAttribute" type="xs:wildcard" id="anyAttribute">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-anyAttribute"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:group name="assertions">
    <xs:sequence>
      <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <xs:element name="assert" type="xs:assertion"/>
        <xs:element name="report" type="xs:assertion"/>
      </xs:choice>
    </xs:sequence>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:complexType name="assertion">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
<!-- 

-->
        <xs:attribute name="test"/>
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:annotation>
              <xs:documentation>A subset of XPath expressions for use in assertion tests</xs:documentation>
            </xs:annotation>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:attribute>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:group name="complexTypeModel">
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:element ref="xs:simpleContent"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:complexContent"/>
      <xs:sequence>
        <xs:annotation>
          <xs:documentation>
   This branch is short for
   &lt;complexContent>
   &lt;restriction base="xs:anyType">
   ...
   &lt;/restriction>
   &lt;/complexContent></xs:documentation>
        </xs:annotation>
        <xs:group ref="xs:typeDefParticle" minOccurs="0"/>
        <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
        <xs:group ref="xs:assertions"/>
      </xs:sequence>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:complexType name="complexType" abstract="true">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:group ref="xs:complexTypeModel"/>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName">
          <xs:annotation>
            <xs:documentation>
      Will be restricted to required or forbidden</xs:documentation>
          </xs:annotation>
        </xs:attribute>
        <xs:attribute name="mixed" type="xs:boolean" default="false"
                      use="optional">
          <xs:annotation>
            <xs:documentation>
      Not allowed if simpleContent child is chosen.
      May be overriden by setting on complexContent child.</xs:documentation>
          </xs:annotation>
        </xs:attribute>
        <xs:attribute name="abstract" type="xs:boolean" default="false"
                      use="optional"/>
        <xs:attribute name="final" type="xs:derivationSet"/>
        <xs:attribute name="block" type="xs:derivationSet"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="topLevelComplexType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:complexType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:complexTypeModel"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="localComplexType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:complexType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:complexTypeModel"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="name" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="abstract" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="final" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="block" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="restrictionType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0">
            <xs:group ref="xs:typeDefParticle"/>
            <xs:group ref="xs:simpleRestrictionModel"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:assertions"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="base" type="xs:QName" use="required"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="complexRestrictionType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:restrictionType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0">
            <xs:annotation>
              <xs:documentation>This choice is added simply to
                   make this a valid restriction per the REC</xs:documentation>
            </xs:annotation>
            <xs:group ref="xs:typeDefParticle"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:assertions"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="extensionType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:group ref="xs:typeDefParticle" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:assertions"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="base" type="xs:QName" use="required"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="complexContent" id="complexContent">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-complexContent"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:choice>
            <xs:element name="restriction" type="xs:complexRestrictionType"/>
            <xs:element name="extension" type="xs:extensionType"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:attribute name="mixed" type="xs:boolean">
            <xs:annotation>
              <xs:documentation>
       Overrides any setting on complexType parent.</xs:documentation>
            </xs:annotation>
          </xs:attribute>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:complexType name="simpleRestrictionType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:restrictionType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0">
            <xs:annotation>
              <xs:documentation>This choice is added simply to
                   make this a valid restriction per the REC</xs:documentation>
            </xs:annotation>
            <xs:group ref="xs:simpleRestrictionModel"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:assertions"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="simpleExtensionType">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:extensionType">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:annotation>
            <xs:documentation>
      No typeDefParticle group reference</xs:documentation>
          </xs:annotation>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:assertions"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="simpleContent" id="simpleContent">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-simpleContent"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:choice>
            <xs:element name="restriction" type="xs:simpleRestrictionType"/>
            <xs:element name="extension" type="xs:simpleExtensionType"/>
          </xs:choice>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="complexType" type="xs:topLevelComplexType" id="complexType">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-complexType"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:simpleType name="blockSet">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
    A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
      <xs:documentation>
    #all or (possibly empty) subset of {substitution, extension,
    restriction}</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:union>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
          <xs:enumeration value="#all"/>
        </xs:restriction>
      </xs:simpleType>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:list>
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:derivationControl">
              <xs:enumeration value="extension"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="restriction"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="substitution"/>
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:list>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:union>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:complexType name="element" abstract="true">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   The element element can be used either
   at the top level to define an element-type binding globally,
   or within a content model to either reference a globally-defined
   element or type or declare an element-type binding locally.
   The ref form is not allowed at the top level.</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0">
            <xs:element name="simpleType" type="xs:localSimpleType"/>
            <xs:element name="complexType" type="xs:localComplexType"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:group ref="xs:identityConstraint" minOccurs="0"
                    maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:defRef"/>
        <xs:attribute name="type" type="xs:QName"/>
        <xs:attribute name="substitutionGroup" type="xs:QName"/>
        <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:occurs"/>
        <xs:attribute name="default" type="xs:string"/>
        <xs:attribute name="fixed" type="xs:string"/>
        <xs:attribute name="nillable" type="xs:boolean" default="false"
                      use="optional"/>
        <xs:attribute name="abstract" type="xs:boolean" default="false"
                      use="optional"/>
        <xs:attribute name="final" type="xs:derivationSet"/>
        <xs:attribute name="block" type="xs:blockSet"/>
        <xs:attribute name="form" type="xs:formChoice"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="topLevelElement">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:element">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0">
            <xs:element name="simpleType" type="xs:localSimpleType"/>
            <xs:element name="complexType" type="xs:localComplexType"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:group ref="xs:identityConstraint" minOccurs="0"
                    maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="form" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="minOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="maxOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="localElement">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:element">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0">
            <xs:element name="simpleType" type="xs:localSimpleType"/>
            <xs:element name="complexType" type="xs:localComplexType"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:group ref="xs:identityConstraint" minOccurs="0"
                    maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="substitutionGroup" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="final" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="abstract" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="element" type="xs:topLevelElement" id="element">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-element"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:complexType name="group" abstract="true">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   group type for explicit groups, named top-level groups and
   group references</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        
          <xs:group ref="xs:particle" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
          
        <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:defRef"/>
        <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:occurs"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="realGroup">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:group">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
            <xs:element ref="xs:all"/>
            <xs:element ref="xs:choice"/>
            <xs:element ref="xs:sequence"/>
          </xs:choice>
          
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="namedGroup">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:realGroup">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:choice minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1">
            <xs:element name="all">
              <xs:complexType>
                <xs:complexContent>
                  <xs:restriction base="xs:all">
                    <xs:group ref="xs:allModel"/>
                    <xs:attribute name="minOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
                    <xs:attribute name="maxOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
                    <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
                  </xs:restriction>
                </xs:complexContent>
              </xs:complexType>
            </xs:element>
            <xs:element name="choice" type="xs:simpleExplicitGroup"/>
            <xs:element name="sequence" type="xs:simpleExplicitGroup"/>
          </xs:choice>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="minOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="maxOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="groupRef">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:realGroup">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" type="xs:QName" use="required"/>
        <xs:attribute name="name" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="explicitGroup">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   group type for the three kinds of group</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:group">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:nestedParticle" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" type="xs:QName" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="simpleExplicitGroup">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:explicitGroup">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:nestedParticle" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="minOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:attribute name="maxOccurs" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:group name="allModel">
    <xs:sequence>
      <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
      <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <xs:annotation>
          <xs:documentation>This choice with min/max is here to
                          avoid a pblm with the Elt:All/Choice/Seq
                          Particle derivation constraint</xs:documentation>
        </xs:annotation>
        <xs:element name="element" type="xs:localElement"/>
        <xs:element ref="xs:any"/>
      </xs:choice>
    </xs:sequence>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:complexType name="all">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   Only elements allowed inside</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:explicitGroup">
        <xs:group ref="xs:allModel"/>
        <xs:attribute name="minOccurs" default="1" use="optional">
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:nonNegativeInteger">
              <xs:enumeration value="0"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="1"/>
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:attribute>
        <xs:attribute name="maxOccurs" default="1" use="optional">
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:allNNI">
              <xs:enumeration value="1"/>
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:attribute>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="all" type="xs:all" id="all">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-all"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="choice" type="xs:explicitGroup" id="choice">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-choice"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="sequence" type="xs:explicitGroup" id="sequence">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-sequence"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="group" type="xs:namedGroup" id="group">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-group"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:complexType name="wildcard">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:attribute name="namespace" type="xs:namespaceList"
                      use="optional"/>
        <xs:attribute name="notNamespace" type="xs:basicNamespaceList"
                      use="optional"/>
        <xs:attribute name="notQName" use="optional">
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:list itemType="xs:QName"/>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:attribute>
        <xs:attribute name="processContents" default="strict" use="optional">
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:NMTOKEN">
              <xs:enumeration value="skip"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="lax"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="strict"/>
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:attribute>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="any" id="any">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-any"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:wildcard">
          <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:occurs"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:documentation>
   simple type for the value of the 'namespace' attr of
   'any' and 'anyAttribute'</xs:documentation>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:documentation>
   Value is
              ##any      - - any non-conflicting WFXML/attribute at all

              ##other    - - any non-conflicting WFXML/attribute from
                              namespace other than targetNS

              ##local    - - any unqualified non-conflicting WFXML/attribute 

              one or     - - any non-conflicting WFXML/attribute from
              more URI        the listed namespaces
              references
              (space separated)

    ##targetNamespace or ##local may appear in the above list, to
        refer to the targetNamespace of the enclosing
        schema or an absent targetNamespace respectively</xs:documentation>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:simpleType name="namespaceList">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    
    <xs:union memberTypes="xs:specialNamespaceList xs:basicNamespaceList" />
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="basicNamespaceList">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:list>
      <xs:simpleType>
        <xs:union memberTypes="xs:anyURI">
          <xs:simpleType>
            <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
              <xs:enumeration value="##targetNamespace"/>
              <xs:enumeration value="##local"/>
            </xs:restriction>
          </xs:simpleType>
        </xs:union>
      </xs:simpleType>
    </xs:list>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:simpleType name="specialNamespaceList">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
      <xs:enumeration value="##any"/>
      <xs:enumeration value="##other"/>
    </xs:restriction>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:element name="attribute" type="xs:topLevelAttribute" id="attribute">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-attribute"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:complexType name="attributeGroup" abstract="true">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          
        <xs:attributeGroup ref="xs:defRef"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="namedAttributeGroup">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:attributeGroup">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
          <xs:group ref="xs:attrDecls"/>
          
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:complexType name="attributeGroupRef">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:restriction base="xs:attributeGroup">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:annotation" minOccurs="0"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="ref" type="xs:QName" use="required"/>
        <xs:attribute name="name" use="prohibited"/>
        <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:restriction>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:element name="attributeGroup" type="xs:namedAttributeGroup"
              id="attributeGroup">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-attributeGroup"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="include" id="include">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-include"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:attribute name="schemaLocation" type="xs:anyURI" use="required"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="redefine" id="redefine">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-redefine"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:openAttrs">
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
            <xs:element ref="xs:annotation"/>
            <xs:group ref="xs:redefinable"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:attribute name="schemaLocation" type="xs:anyURI" use="required"/>
          <xs:attribute name="id" type="xs:ID"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="import" id="import">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-import"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:attribute name="namespace" type="xs:anyURI"/>
          <xs:attribute name="schemaLocation" type="xs:anyURI"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="selector" id="selector">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-selector"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:attribute name="xpath" use="required">
            <xs:simpleType>
              <xs:annotation>
                <xs:documentation>A subset of XPath expressions for use
in selectors</xs:documentation>
                <xs:documentation>A utility type, not for public
use</xs:documentation>
              </xs:annotation>
              <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
                <xs:annotation>
                  <xs:documentation>The following pattern is intended to allow XPath
                           expressions per the following EBNF:
	  Selector    ::=    Path ( '|' Path )*  
	  Path    ::=    ('.//')? Step ( '/' Step )*  
	  Step    ::=    '.' | NameTest  
	  NameTest    ::=    QName | '*' | NCName ':' '*'  
                           child:: is also allowed
         </xs:documentation>
                </xs:annotation>
                <xs:pattern
                     value="(\.//)?(((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.)(/(((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.))*(\|(\.//)?(((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.)(/(((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.))*)*"/>
              </xs:restriction>
            </xs:simpleType>
          </xs:attribute>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="field" id="field">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-field"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:attribute name="xpath" use="required">
            <xs:simpleType>
              <xs:annotation>
                <xs:documentation>A subset of XPath expressions for use
in fields</xs:documentation>
                <xs:documentation>A utility type, not for public
use</xs:documentation>
              </xs:annotation>
              <xs:restriction base="xs:token">
                <xs:annotation>
                  <xs:documentation>The following pattern is intended to allow XPath
                           expressions per the same EBNF as for selector,
                           with the following change:
          Path    ::=    ('.//')? ( Step '/' )* ( Step | '@' NameTest ) 
         </xs:documentation>
                </xs:annotation>
                <xs:pattern
                     value="(\.//)?((((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.)/)*((((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.)|((attribute::|@)((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*))))(\|(\.//)?((((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.)/)*((((child::)?((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))|\.)|((attribute::|@)((\i\c*:)?(\i\c*|\*)))))*"/>
              </xs:restriction>
            </xs:simpleType>
          </xs:attribute>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:complexType name="keybase">
    <xs:complexContent>
      <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
        <xs:sequence>
          <xs:element ref="xs:selector"/>
          <xs:element ref="xs:field" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="unbounded"/>
        </xs:sequence>
        <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
      </xs:extension>
    </xs:complexContent>
  </xs:complexType>
  <xs:group name="identityConstraint">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>The three kinds of identity constraints, all with
                     type of or derived from 'keybase'.
   </xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:choice>
      <xs:element ref="xs:unique"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:key"/>
      <xs:element ref="xs:keyref"/>
    </xs:choice>
  </xs:group>
  <xs:element name="unique" type="xs:keybase" id="unique">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-unique"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="key" type="xs:keybase" id="key">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-key"/>
    </xs:annotation>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="keyref" id="keyref">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-keyref"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:keybase">
          <xs:attribute name="refer" type="xs:QName" use="required"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="notation" id="notation">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-notation"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:annotated">
          <xs:attribute name="name" type="xs:NCName" use="required"/>
          <xs:attribute name="public" type="xs:public"/>
          <xs:attribute name="system" type="xs:anyURI"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:simpleType name="public">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A utility type, not for public use</xs:documentation>
      <xs:documentation>
   A public identifier, per ISO 8879</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:restriction base="xs:token"/>
  </xs:simpleType>
  <xs:element name="appinfo" id="appinfo">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-appinfo"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType mixed="true">
      <xs:sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <xs:any processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:sequence>
      <xs:attribute name="source" type="xs:anyURI"/>
      <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="documentation" id="documentation">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-documentation"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType mixed="true">
      <xs:sequence minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
        <xs:any processContents="lax"/>
      </xs:sequence>
      <xs:attribute name="source" type="xs:anyURI"/>
      <xs:attribute ref="xml:lang"/>
      <xs:anyAttribute namespace="##other" processContents="lax"/>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:element name="annotation" id="annotation">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation
           source="http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-1-20060831/structures.html#element-annotation"/>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:complexType>
      <xs:complexContent>
        <xs:extension base="xs:openAttrs">
          <xs:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
            <xs:element ref="xs:appinfo"/>
            <xs:element ref="xs:documentation"/>
          </xs:choice>
          <xs:attribute name="id" type="xs:ID"/>
        </xs:extension>
      </xs:complexContent>
    </xs:complexType>
  </xs:element>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:documentation>
   notations for use within XML Schema schemas</xs:documentation>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:notation name="XMLSchemaStructures" public="structures"
               system="http://www.w3.org/2000/08/XMLSchema.xsd"/>
  <xs:notation name="XML" public="REC-xml-19980210"
               system="http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210"/>
  <xs:complexType name="anyType" mixed="true">
    <xs:annotation>
      <xs:documentation>
   Not the real urType, but as close an approximation as we can
   get in the XML representation</xs:documentation>
    </xs:annotation>
    <xs:sequence>
      <xs:any minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded" processContents="lax"/>
    </xs:sequence>
    <xs:anyAttribute processContents="lax"/>
  </xs:complexType>
</xs:schema>

B References (normative)

Functions and Operators
XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 Functions and Operators, World Wide Web Consortium, 8 June 2006. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/CR-xpath-functions-20060608
IETF RFC 2119
RFC 2119: Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. Scott Bradner, IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 1997. See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt.
XML 1.0
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, Third Edition, Tim Bray et al., eds., W3C, 4 February 2004. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204/ For details of the dependency of this specification on XML 1.1, see Dependencies on Other Specifications (§1.3).
XML 1.1
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1,, Tim Bray et al., eds., W3C, 15 April 2004. See http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/ For details of the dependency of this specification on XML 1.1, see Dependencies on Other Specifications (§1.3).
XML Schema 2nd Edition
XML Schema Part 1: Structures, Henry S. Thompson et al., eds., W3C 18 March 2004. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PER-xmlschema-1-20040318/.
XML Schema: Datatypes
XML Schema Version 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes, Dave Peterson, Paul V. Biron and Ashok Malhotra, eds., W3C, 16 July 2004. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/WD-xmlschema11-2-20060217/datatypes.html
XML-Infoset
XML Information Set, John Cowan and Richard Tobin, eds., W3C, 4 February 2004. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-infoset-20040204/
XML-Namespaces 1.0
Namespaces in XML, Tim Bray et al., eds., W3C, 14 January 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/ For details of the dependency of this specification on Namespaces in XML 1.1, see Dependencies on Other Specifications (§1.3).
XML-Namespaces 1.1
World Wide Web Consortium.  Namespaces in XML 1.1. Available at: http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names11/ For details of the dependency of this specification on Namespaces in XML 1.1, see Dependencies on Other Specifications (§1.3).
XPath
XML Path Language, James Clark and Steve DeRose, eds., W3C, 16 November 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xpath-19991116
XPath 2.0
XML Path Language 2.0, World Wide Web Consortium, 8 June 2006. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/CR-xpath20-20060608

C Outcome Tabulations (normative)

To facilitate consistent reporting of schema errors and ·validation· failures, this section tabulates and provides unique names for all the constraints listed in this document. Wherever such constraints have numbered parts, reports must use the name given below plus the part number, separated by a period ('.'). Thus for example cos-ct-extends.1.2 must be used to report a violation of the clause 1.2 of Derivation Valid (Extension) (§3.4.6).

Issue (RQ-137i):RQ-137 (error-codes)

The promise that each error and failure defined in this spec. would have a distinct identifier was not systematically delivered on in version 1.0. Version 1.1 will do better.

Resolution:

Add markup and/or an operational definition to support the generation of an appropriate error code for any schema error or validation failure specified outside a named constraint or rule, e.g. uses of must and, in particular, phrases such as "it is an error" in Errors in Schema Construction and Structure (§5.1).

next sub-sectionC.1 Validation Rules

cvc-accept
Element Sequence Accepted (Particle)
cvc-assertion
Assertion Satisfied
cvc-assess-attr
Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute)
cvc-assess-elt
Schema-Validity Assessment (Element)
cvc-attribute
Attribute Locally Valid
cvc-au
Attribute Locally Valid (Use)
cvc-complex-type
Element Locally Valid (Complex Type)
cvc-datatype-valid
Datatype Valid
cvc-elt
Element Locally Valid (Element)
cvc-enumeration-valid
enumeration valid
cvc-facet-valid
Facet Valid
cvc-fractionDigits-valid
fractionDigits Valid
cvc-id
Validation Root Valid (ID/IDREF)
cvc-identity-constraint
Identity-constraint Satisfied
cvc-length-valid
Length Valid
cvc-maxExclusive-valid
maxExclusive Valid
cvc-maxInclusive-valid
maxInclusive Valid
cvc-maxLength-valid
maxLength Valid
cvc-maxScale-valid
maxScale Valid
cvc-minExclusive-valid
minExclusive Valid
cvc-minInclusive-valid
minInclusive Valid
cvc-minLength-valid
minLength Valid
cvc-minScale-valid
minScale Valid
cvc-model-group
Element Sequence Valid
cvc-particle
Element Sequence Locally Valid (Particle)
cvc-pattern-valid
pattern valid
cvc-resolve-instance
QName resolution (Instance)
cvc-simple-type
String Valid
cvc-totalDigits-valid
totalDigits Valid
cvc-type
Element Locally Valid (Type)
cvc-wildcard
Item Valid (Wildcard)
cvc-wildcard-name
Wildcard allows Expanded Name
cvc-wildcard-namespace
Wildcard allows Namespace Name
practicalSubsumption
Checking complex type subsumption

previous sub-section next sub-sectionC.2 Contributions to the post-schema-validation infoset

attribute information item properties
[attribute declaration] (Attribute Declaration)
[member type definition] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[member type definition anonymous] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[member type definition name] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[member type definition namespace] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[schema default] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[schema error code] (Validation Failure (Attribute))
[schema normalized value] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[schema specified] (Assessment Outcome (Attribute))
[type definition] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[type definition anonymous] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[type definition name] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[type definition namespace] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[type definition type] (Attribute Validated by Type)
[validation attempted] (Assessment Outcome (Attribute))
[validation context] (Assessment Outcome (Attribute))
[validity] (Assessment Outcome (Attribute))
element information item properties
[element declaration] (Element Declaration)
[ID/IDREF table] (ID/IDREF Table)
[identity-constraint table] (Identity-constraint Table)
[member type definition] (Element Validated by Type)
[member type definition anonymous] (Element Validated by Type)
[member type definition name] (Element Validated by Type)
[member type definition namespace] (Element Validated by Type)
[nil] (Element Declaration)
[notation] (Validated with Notation)
[notation public] (Validated with Notation)
[notation system] (Validated with Notation)
[schema default] (Element Validated by Type)
[schema error code] (Validation Failure (Element))
[schema normalized value] (Element Validated by Type)
[schema specified] (Element Default Value)
[type definition] (Element Validated by Type)
[type definition anonymous] (Element Validated by Type)
[type definition name] (Element Validated by Type)
[type definition namespace] (Element Validated by Type)
[type definition type] (Element Validated by Type)
[validation attempted] (Assessment Outcome (Element))
[validation context] (Assessment Outcome (Element))
[validity] (Assessment Outcome (Element))
element or attribute information item properties
[schema information] (Schema Information)
ID/IDREF binding information item properties
[binding] (ID/IDREF Table)
[id] (ID/IDREF Table)
Identity-constraint Binding information item properties
[definition] (Identity-constraint Table)
[node table] (Identity-constraint Table)
namespace schema information information item properties
[schema components] (Schema Information)
[schema documents] (Schema Information)
[schema namespace] (Schema Information)
schema document information item properties
[document] (Schema Information)
[document location] (Schema Information)

previous sub-section next sub-sectionC.3 Schema Representation Constraints

src-annotation
Annotation Definition Representation OK
src-assertion
Assertion Representation OK
src-attribute
Attribute Declaration Representation OK
src-attribute_group
Attribute Group Definition Representation OK
src-ct
Complex Type Definition Representation OK
src-element
Element Declaration Representation OK
src-enumeration-value
Enumeration value
src-expredef
Individual Component Redefinition
src-identity-constraint
Identity-constraint Definition Representation OK
src-import
Import Constraints and Semantics
src-include
Inclusion Constraints and Semantics
src-list-itemType-or-simpleType
itemType attribute or simpleType child
src-model_group
Model Group Representation OK
src-model_group_defn
Model Group Definition Representation OK
src-notation
Notation Definition Representation OK
src-pattern-value
Pattern value
src-qname
QName Interpretation
src-redefine
Redefinition Constraints and Semantics
src-resolve
QName resolution (Schema Document)
src-restriction-base-or-simpleType
base attribute or simpleType child
src-simple-type
Simple Type Definition Representation OK
src-union-memberTypes-or-simpleTypes
memberTypes attribute or simpleType children
src-wildcard
Wildcard Representation OK

previous sub-section C.4 Schema Component Constraints

a-props-correct
Attribute Declaration Properties Correct
ag-props-correct
Attribute Group Definition Properties Correct
an-props-correct
Annotation Correct
as-props-correct
Assertion Properties Correct
as-test-xpath
Test Value OK
au-props-correct
Attribute Use Correct
c-fields-xpaths
Fields Value OK
c-props-correct
Identity-constraint Definition Properties Correct
c-selector-xpath
Selector Value OK
cos-all-limited
All Group Limited
cos-applicable-facets
applicable facets
cos-aw-intersect
Attribute Wildcard Intersection
cos-aw-union
Attribute Wildcard Union
cos-choice-range
Effective Total Range (choice)
cos-content-act-restrict
Content type restricts
cos-ct-derived-ok
Type Derivation OK (Complex)
cos-ct-extends
Derivation Valid (Extension)
cos-ct-restrict
Complex type definition actually restricts
cos-element-consistent
Element Declarations Consistent
cos-equiv-class
Substitution Group
cos-equiv-derived-ok-rec
Substitution Group OK (Transitive)
cos-group-emptiable
Particle Emptiable
cos-nonambig
Unique Particle Attribution
cos-ns-subset
Wildcard Subset
cos-particle-extend
Particle Valid (Extension)
cos-seq-range
Effective Total Range (all and sequence)
cos-st-derived-ok
Type Derivation OK (Simple)
cos-st-restricts
Derivation Valid (Restriction, Simple)
cos-valid-default
Element Default Valid (Immediate)
cos-valid-simple-default
Simple Default Valid
ct-props-correct
Complex Type Definition Properties Correct
derivation-ok-restriction
Derivation Valid (Restriction, Complex)
e-props-correct
Element Declaration Properties Correct
enumeration-required-notation
enumeration facet value required for NOTATION
enumeration-valid-restriction
enumeration valid restriction
fractionDigits-totalDigits
fractionDigits less than or equal to totalDigits
fractionDigits-valid-restriction
fractionDigits valid restriction
length-minLength-maxLength
length and minLength or maxLength
length-valid-restriction
length valid restriction
maxExclusive-valid-restriction
maxExclusive valid restriction
maxInclusive-maxExclusive
maxInclusive and maxExclusive
maxInclusive-valid-restriction
maxInclusive valid restriction
maxLength-valid-restriction
maxLength valid restriction
maxScale-valid-restriction
maxScale valid restriction
mg-props-correct
Model Group Correct
mgd-props-correct
Model Group Definition Properties Correct
minExclusive-less-than-equal-to-maxExclusive
minExclusive <= maxExclusive
minExclusive-less-than-maxInclusive
minExclusive < maxInclusive
minExclusive-valid-restriction
minExclusive valid restriction
minInclusive-less-than-equal-to-maxInclusive
minInclusive <= maxInclusive
minInclusive-less-than-maxExclusive
minInclusive < maxExclusive
minInclusive-minExclusive
minInclusive and minExclusive
minInclusive-valid-restriction
minInclusive valid restriction
minLength-less-than-equal-to-maxLength
minLength <= maxLength
minLength-valid-restriction
minLength valid restriction
minScale-totalDigits
minScale less than or equal to maxScale
minScale-valid-restriction
minScale valid restriction
n-props-correct
Notation Declaration Correct
no-xmlns
xmlns Not Allowed
no-xsi
xsi: Not Allowed
p-props-correct
Particle Correct
sch-props-correct
Schema Properties Correct
st-props-correct
Simple Type Definition Properties Correct
st-restrict-facets
Simple Type Restriction (Facets)
totalDigits-valid-restriction
totalDigits valid restriction
w-props-correct
Wildcard Properties Correct
whiteSpace-valid-restriction
whiteSpace valid restriction

D Terminology for implementation-defined features

This section defines some terms for use in describing choices made by implementations in areas where the effect of XML Schema language features is explicitly implementation-defined.

Future versions of this specification are expected to use the terminology defined here to specify conformance profiles. Conformance profiles may also be defined by other specifications without requiring any revision to this specification.

next sub-sectionD.1 Subset of the Post-schema-validation Infoset

This specification defines a number of ways in which the information set taken as input is augmented in the course of schema-validity assessment. Conforming processors may provide access to some or all of this information; in the interests of simplifying discussion and documentation, this section defines names for several subsets of the PSVI, with the intention of simplifying short-hand descriptions of processors. These terms may be used to describe what parts of the PSVI a particular schema processor provides access to, or to specify requirements for processors, or for other purposes. A processor provides access to a particular subset of the PSVI if and only if it makes accessible some representation of the information in question, for information items to which it is applicable. (The properties labeled "if applicable" or "where applicable" below are simply the most obvious cases of properties which do not apply to every information item; the same qualification implicitly applies to all properties listed below.)

If other subsets of the PSVI prove important in practice it is expected that definitions of those subsets may be provided by other specifications or in later revisions of this one.

The definition in this section of a term denoting a particular subset of the PSVI does not constitute a requirement that conforming processors provide access to that subset.

[Definition:]  The root-validity subset of the PSVI consists of the following properties of the ·validation root·:
instance-validity subset
[Definition:]   The instance-validity subset of the PSVI consists of the ·root-validity subset·, plus the following properties on elements, wherever applicable: and the following properties on attributes, wherever applicable:
type-aware subset
[Definition:]  The type-aware subset of the PSVI consists of the ·instance-validity subset·, plus the following items and properties. It is intended that the type-aware subset of the PSVI include all the information needed by schema-aware XQuery 1.0 or XSLT 2.0 processors. In each case, the information is to be provided in some implementation-defined representation. For elements: and for attributes:
Note: In a future draft of this specification, it is expected that a list of specific component properties to which access should or must be provided will be included. No such list is present in the current draft; input from readers, users, schema authors, and implementors as to what properties are most usefully exposed in this subset would be very welcome.
lightweight type-aware subset
[Definition:]  The lightweight type-aware subset of the PSVI provides the same information as the ·type-aware subset·, except that instead of providing direct access to schema components, it provides only their names and related information. For elements: and for attributes:
full instance subset
[Definition:]  The full instance subset of the PSVI includes almost all properties defined by this specification as applying to element and attribute information items, but excludes schema components. It consists of the ·instance-validity subset·, plus the following properties for elements: and the following for attributes:
full PSVI with components
The full PSVI with components consists of every property and information item defined in this specification.

In exposing element declarations, attribute declarations, type definitions, and other components, processors providing access to the full subset must provide some representation for all of the defined properties of the components. Note that although the properties are often redundant with other information, it is not required that the full subset include more than one representation of redundant information.

Note:  The PSVI is a description of an information set, not a specification of a data structure or an application-programming interface. For convenience, this specification defines in some cases more than one term for denoting a particular piece of information: for example, the [type definition name] property of an element and the [name] property of the [type definition] property of that element are the same piece of information. If the [type definition] is supplied, then the [type definition name] is necessarily also available.

Similar observations can be made for other properties present in the full-instance subset but not mentioned here. Processors should allow access to the information without requiring users or applications to distinguish between the different names or access paths under which it might be described in this specification.

previous sub-section D.2 Terminology of schema construction

Conforming processors may implement any combination of the following strategies for locating schema components, in any order. They may also implement other strategies.

The terminology offered here is intended to be useful in discussions of processor behavior, whether documenting existing behavior or describing required behavior.

General-purpose processors should support multiple methods for locating schema documents, and to provide user control over which methods are used and how to fall back in case of failure.

D.2.1 Identifying locations where components are sought

Some terms describe how a processor identifies locations from which schema components can be sought:

hard-coded schema locations
A list of locations at which schema documents will be sought is built into the processor. Particular locations can be associated with specific namespaces or can be used to seek any schema document.
named pairs
At invocation time, the user passes a set or sequence of (namespace-name, schema document) pairs to the processor, e.g. as a command-line option. (Can be used with early or slow exit strategy.) The namespace name is used as a check on the document, not as an instruction; if the schema document has a target namespace which differs from the namespace name specified, the processor signals an error.
schema documents
At invocation time, the user passes a set or sequence of schema documents, or identifiers for schema documents (e.g. URIs), to the processor, e.g. as a command-line option. Each schema document is associated with its target namespace, if any. (Can be used with early or slow exit strategy.)
interactive inquiry
For each namespace, the processor asks the user interactively (though mechanisms not specified here) where to seek the required schema components.
Note: This will perhaps be most useful as a fallback after other methods have failed.
namespace name
For each namespace, the processor attempts to dereference the namespace name; if a schema document is returned, it is processed. If some other kind of resource representation is returned, processors may interpret its content to locate a schema document.
Note: For example, if a RDDL document is returned, a processor may search the RDDL document for rddl:resource elements with the well-known property xlink:role = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" and then attempt to dereference the location(s) indicated on the xlink:href attribute of the link.
schemaLocation hints
For each namespace, if the input document includes one or more schemaLocation hints for that namespace, the processor attempts to dereference those locations.
local repository
For each namespace, a local repository of schema components is consulted. In some situations the consultation will require a key, in which see the terminology for indirection given below.

D.2.2 Identifying methods of indirection

Some terms describe various methods of indirection through local catalogs, search paths, or local repositories of schema documents and/or schema components. In each of these, a ‘search key’ is assumed which helps to control the indirection. Terms for different sorts of search key are defined below.

E Required Information Set Items and Properties (normative)

This specification requires as a precondition for ·assessment· an information set as defined in [XML-Infoset] which supports at least the following information items and properties:

Character Information Item
Namespace Information Item

In addition, infosets should support the [unparsedEntities] property of the Document Information Item. Failure to do so will mean all items of type ENTITY or ENTITIES will fail to ·validate·.

This specification does not require any destructive alterations to the input information set: all the information set contributions specified herein are additive.

This appendix is intended to satisfy the requirements for Conformance to the [XML-Infoset] specification.

F Checklist of implementation-defined features

This appendix provides a summary of XML Schema language features whose effect is explicitly implementation-defined. Any software which claims to conform to this specification must describe how these choices have been exercised, in documentation which accompanies any conformance claim.

In describing the choices made for a given processor, it is hoped that the terminology defined in Terminology for implementation-defined features (§D) will be found useful.

  1. For the datatypes defined by [XML Schema: Datatypes] which depend on [XML 1.1] or [XML-Namespaces 1.1], it is implementation-defined whether a schema processor takes the relevant definitions from [XML 1.1] and [XML-Namespaces 1.1], or from [XML 1.0] and [XML-Namespaces 1.0]. Implementations may support either the 1.0 versions of these datatypes, or the 1.1 versions, or both. The same applies to the definition of whitespace.
  2. It is implementation-defined whether a schema processor can read schema documents in the XML transfer syntax defined here, or in the form of information sets which correspond to the XML syntax. (See Conformance (§2.4), which defines "·minimally conforming·" processors as those which cannot read schema documents in XML form, and "·schema-document aware·" processors as those which can.)
  3. Whether a ·schema-document aware· processor is able to retrieve schema documents from the Web is implementation-defined. (See Conformance (§2.4), which defines "·Web-aware·" processors as ·schema-document aware· processors which can retrieve schema documents from the Web.)
  4. The way in which a processor is invoked, and the way in which values are specified for the schema to be used, the information item to be validated, and the declaration or definition with which to begin validation, is implementation-defined. (See Assessing Schema-Validity (§5.2).)
  5. The manner in which a processor provides access to the information items and properties in the PSVI to any downstream or user applications, or to the invoker, is implementation-defined.
  6. The information items and properties in the PSVI to which the processor provides access, if any, is implementation-defined. (See Subset of the Post-schema-validation Infoset (§D.1) for some subsets of the PSVI for which this specification provides names and definitions.)
  7. When the ·post-schema-validation infoset· includes [type definition name] and similar properties, it is implementation-defined whether unique names are provided for anonymous type definitions.
  8. The method used for assembling a set of schema components for use in validation is implementation-defined. (See How schema definitions are located on the Web (§4.3.2) for the normative prose and Terminology of schema construction (§D.2) for some terminology which can be used in describing implementation choices.)

G Changes since version 1.0

next sub-sectionG.1 Changes already made

The Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6) constraint has been relaxed. While competition between two ·element particles· is still forbidden, as is competition between two ·wildcard particles·, competition between an ·element particle· and a ·wildcard particle· is no longer forbidden. In the course of making this substantive change, some editorial changes have also been made, in order to make the exposition clearer. (Readers familiar with version 1.0 of this specification will find that the constraint works in almost exactly the same way as it did in 1.0, except that content models in which an input item matches either a ·wildcard particle· or an ·element particle· are now allowed.)

Support for XML 1.1 has been added. It is now implementation defined whether datatypes dependent on definitions in XML ([XML 1.1], [XML 1.0]) and Namespaces in XML ([XML-Namespaces 1.1], [XML-Namespaces 1.0]) use the definitions as found in version 1.1 or version 1.0 of those specifications.

Correction of an error in version 1.0 of this specification relating to the construction of union types from other union types. Unions may now appear as members of other unions, and all restrictions of unions are correctly enforced.

A {context} property has been defined for the definitions of complex and of simple types.

Since not all datatypes have a defined canonical representation for all of their values, appeals to the canonical forms of values have been eliminated.

Changes to ensure that the descriptions of the Simple Type Definition component and of ·anySimpleType· agree in all details with those of [XML Schema: Datatypes].

Addition of a note warning that the replace and collapse values for whitespace handling are not a reliable means of neutralizing the effects of word-wrapping and pretty-printing of natural-language data and should not be used for that purpose.

Some minor corrections and clarifications. Usage of some technical terminology has been clarified, normalized, and aligned where appropriate with the usage in [XML Schema: Datatypes]. Conditionals using "if" have been rephrased to use "if and only if" where appropriate.

Support for negative wildcard has been expanded to handle multiple namespaces. Support has also been added to specify a set of explicitly enumerated expanded names that are not allowed by the wildcard.

Support for check clauses to implement some co-occurrence constraints has been added. Each complex type can carry a list of assertions, which are checked when the complex type is used to validate an element information item.

Support for XML 1.1 has been added. It is now implementation defined whether datatypes dependent on definitions in XML ([XML 1.1], [XML 1.0]) and Namespaces in XML ([XML-Namespaces 1.1], [XML-Namespaces 1.0]) use the definitions as found in version 1.1 or version 1.0 of those specifications.

An error in version 1.0 of this specification relating to the construction of union types from other union types has been corrected. Unions may now appear as members of other unions, and all restrictions of unions are correctly enforced, even when xsi:type is used on an element to name a member of the union.

A {context} property has been defined for the definitions of complex and of simple types; this property simplifies testing for the identity of anonymous type definitions. See e.g. The Complex Type Definition Schema Component (§3.4.1). The {context} property replaces the {scope} property found in some earlier drafts of this document.

Since not all datatypes have a defined canonical representation for all of their values, appeals to the canonical forms of values have been eliminated.

Changes have been made to ensure that the descriptions of the Simple Type Definition component and of ·anySimpleType· agree in all details with those of [XML Schema: Datatypes].

A note has been added, warning that the replace and collapse values for whitespace handling are not a reliable means of neutralizing the effects of word-wrapping and pretty-printing of natural-language data and should not be used for that purpose.

The magic RFC-2119 words have been distinguished when their normative rfc-2119 meaning is intended, e.g. 'must'. See Documentation Conventions and Terminology (§1.4).

Certain constraints involving ID have been extended to include lists of ID and unions including ID. See e.g. Constraints on Attribute Declaration Schema Components (§3.2.6).

Every component now has an {annotations} property whose value is a sequence of annotation elements and out-of-band attributes. See e.g. The Complex Type Definition Schema Component (§3.4.1).

A new type definition called anyAtomicType has been introduced into the type hierarchy between anySimpleType and all the atomic built-in type definitions. See Built-in Simple Type Definitions (§3.15.7).

The 'schema' component has an additional {identity-constraint definitions} property containing all the identity constraints in the corresponding schema. See The Schema Itself (§3.16.1) and XML Representations of Schemas (§3.16.2).

The underlying basis for the definition of all the different kinds of components has changed to make use of a regular and formal tabulation of their properties. This has been achieved by introducing property records whereever version 1.0 had complex property values. For example instead of describing the {scope} property as having "either global or a complex type definition" for its value, a Scope property record is called for, which in turn has its own simple properties and values. See e.g. The Element Declaration Schema Component (§3.3.1).

Several minor corrections and clarifications have been made. The usage of some technical terminology has been clarified, normalized, and aligned where appropriate with the usage in [XML Schema: Datatypes]. Conditionals using "if" have been rephrased to use "if and only if" where appropriate.

previous sub-section G.2 Outstanding issues

In addition to the changes already made, the Working Group has decided on a number of further changes which have not yet been reflected in this draft. These are indicated throughout the text as issues, including more or less detail on the intended resolution. The ones remaining in this draft are summarized below, linked to their occurrence in the text above, where more detail can be found, including links to the original requirement or other point of origin.

Issue 2846 (RQ-142 PSVI properties), Issue 2822 (RQ-144 required properties)
Version 1.0 included several properties in the PSVI whose absence carried information (e.g. [type definition]), while at the same time not being completely clear about which PSVI properties, if any, were required. The Working Group intends to eliminate the former and clarify the latter.
Issue 2820 (RQ-17 simplify restriction rules)
Version 1.0 made clear that the intention for derivation by restriction was that restrictions validated a subset of what their base validated. However, the constructive rules for what constituted valid content model restrictions for complex type definition not only failed to enforce this completely correctly, but also ruled out various cases which evidently should have been allowed. The Working Group has decided to shift to a much higher level statement of what constitutes a valid restriction, appealing directly to the subset requirement, in order to address these problems.
Issue 3047 (RQ-153 XSD 1.1 namespace)
This specification must choose either to use the same namespace as XML Schema 1.0, or to use a different namespace, or to use more than one namespace. An explicit decision should be made.
Issue 2837 (RQ-125 identity of anonymous types), Issue 2842 (RQ-134 inherited portions of content model)
Version 1.0 was deliberately reticent in stating identity conditions for components. With hindsight this was a mistake, and will be corrected.
Issue 2835 (RQ-121 prohibited + fixed)
Neither the prose of this specification nor the schema for schema documents rules out XML representations of attribute declarations containing both use='prohibited' and fixed='...'. It will be made clear that this is not an error and that ‘prohibited’ wins.
Issue 2827 (RQ-143 attribute assessment)
An attribute with no type declaration cannot be 'assessed', as defined by (Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute)), so it will never have any PSVI properties, whereas it would be natural for it to have [validation attempted] = none and [validity] = notKnown. This will be fixed.
Issue 2857 (RQ-7 wildcards), Issue 2860 (RQ-36 local references), Issue 2544 (RQ-146 element declarations consistent)
Although extremely useful, wildcards have proved to interact in unfortunate ways with the Unique Particle Attribution and Element Declarations Consistent constraints, and this has limited their utility, particularly for use in allowing for extension and anticipating subsequent versions. The interpretation of wildcards will be changed to address these problems, without compromising backward compatibility.
Issue 2841 (RQ-131 ordering of annotations), Issue 2840 (RQ-130 lost annotations), Issue 2851 (RQ-19 annotations in PSVI)
Version 1.0 was inconsistent in providing for multiple sources of annotation, particularly where components corresponded to multiple nested elements in schema documents (e.g. Complex Type Definitions vis a vis xs:complexType, xs:complexContent and xs:restriction). This will change so that all components can have multiple annotations, and annotations will be handled consistently across all kinds of components.
Issue 2852 (RQ-22 add normalized default)
Constructed default attribute information items in the PSVI did not have a [normalized value] property, only a [schema normalized value], making them incompatible with ordinary attribute infoitems. On balance, it seems sensible to correct this.
Issue 2544 (RQ-146 element declarations consistent)
Some corner cases, e.g. involving 'skip' wildcards, have emerged with respect to this constraint. It will be restated at a higher level of abstraction, in terms of desired outcome. See also (§3.4).
Issue 2848 (RQ-14 annotations on field and select)
Version 1.0 provided no home for annotations on xs:field and xs:select. The overall reworking of annotation at the component level described in (§3.4.1) will take care of this.
Issue 2851 (RQ-19 annotations in PSVI)
Out-of-band attributes were not always handled properly during component construction from schema documents. This is fixed by the overall reworking of annotation construction described in (§3.4.1).
Issue 2824 (RQ-151 schema composition)
Experience with version 1.0 has shown that the rules in this section miss a few cases, and are unclear in others. A full rewrite taking a more formal approach, without changing the intended semantics, will be done to address these problems.
Issue 2822 (RQ-144 required properties)
A much more systematic and detailed exposition will be provided of what kinds of processing/processors imply what sorts of requirements for properties and their values in the PSVI.
RQ-137 (error-codes)
The promise that each error and failure defined in this spec. would have a distinct identifier was not systematically delivered on in version 1.0. Version 1.1 will do better.
||

H Implementing 'actually restricts'

The constraint Complex type definition actually restricts (§3.4.6) requires a check of local validity over all possible element information items. Although this may at first appear difficult if not impossible, in fact it can be down without too much difficulty. The following conditions on a complex type definition are sufficient to guarantee that clause 1 of Complex type definition actually restricts (§3.4.6) is satisfied:

Validation Rule: Checking complex type subsumption
All of the following must be true:
1 For each attribute use (call this R) in the {attribute uses} the appropriate case among the following:
1.1 If there is an attribute use in the {attribute uses} of the {base type definition} (call this B) whose {attribute declaration} has the same {name} and {target namespace}, then all of the following are true:
1.1.1 one of the following is true
1.1.1.1 B's {required} is false.
1.1.1.2 R's {required} is true.
1.1.2 R's {attribute declaration}'s {type definition} is validly derived from B's {type definition} given the empty set as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
1.1.3 [Definition:]  Let the effective value constraint of an attribute use be its {value constraint}, if present, otherwise its {attribute declaration}'s {value constraint} . Then one of the following is true
1.1.3.1 B's ·effective value constraint· is ·absent· or default.
1.1.3.2 R's ·effective value constraint· is fixed with the same string as B's.
1.2 otherwise the {base type definition} has an {attribute wildcard} and the ({target namespace}, {name}) pair of the R's {attribute declaration} is ·valid· with respect to that wildcard, as defined in Wildcard allows Expanded Name (§3.10.4).
2 For each attribute use in the {attribute uses} of the {base type definition} whose {required} is true, there is an attribute use with an {attribute declaration} with the same {name} and {target namespace} as its {attribute declaration} in the {attribute uses} of the complex type definition itself whose {required} is true.
3 If there is an {attribute wildcard}, all of the following are true:
3.1 The {base type definition} also has one.
3.3 The complex type definition's {attribute wildcard}'s {process contents} is identical to or stronger than the {base type definition}'s {attribute wildcard}'s {process contents}, where strict is stronger than lax is stronger than skip.
4 The appropriate case among the following:
4.1 If The {content type} of the complex type definition has {variety} simple, then one of the following is true
4.1.1 The {content type} of the {base type definition} has {variety} simple and {simple type definition} a simple type definition from which the {content type}'s {simple type definition} is validly derived given the empty set as defined in Type Derivation OK (Simple) (§3.15.6).
4.2 If The {content type} of the complex type definition has {variety} empty , then one of the following is true
4.2.1 The {content type} of the {base type definition} also has {variety} empty.
4.2.2 The {content type} of the {base type definition} has {variety} elementOnly or mixed and {particle} a Particle which is ·emptiable· as defined in Particle Emptiable (§3.9.6).
4.3 otherwise (the {content type} of the complex type definition has {variety} element-only or mixed) all of the following are true:
4.3.1 If the {content type} of the complex type definition itself has {variety} mixed, that of the {base type definition} also has {variety} mixed.
4.3.2 The {particle} of the complex type definition's {content type} subsumes the {particle} of the {content type} of the {base type definition}.
Two published algorithms are available for checking content model subsumption: [Finite State Automata] and [UPA and restriction].
||

I Checking content-type restriction

The constraint Content type restricts (§3.4.6) requires that the set of element sequences accepted by one complex type (the restriction) be a subset of the set accepted by another complex type (the base type). Among the published algorithms for checking this subset relation are [Finite State Automata], [UPA and restriction] and [Brzozowski derivatives].

J Schema Components Diagram (non-normative)

Diagram of schema componentsNotation Declaration Schema Component Schema Component Element Declaration Schema Component Identity Constraint Definition Schema Component Model Group Definition Schema Component Simple Type Definition Schema Component Complex Type Definition Schema Component Particle Schema Component Model Group Schema Component Attribute Use Schema Component Wildcard Schema Component Attribute Declaration Schema Component Attribute Group Definition Schema Component Schema Components

K Glossary (non-normative)

The listing below is for the benefit of readers of a printed version of this document: it collects together all the definitions which appear in the document above.

absent
Throughout this specification, the term absent is used as a distinguished property value denoting absence
abstractly valid
An attribute or element information item I is abstractly valid with respect to a simple or complex type definition D if and only if schema-validity assessment of I with respect to D (as defined by Schema-Validity Assessment (Element) (§3.3.4) or Schema-Validity Assessment (Attribute) (§3.2.4)) either results in a [validity] property of valid, or would result in [validity] of valid if constraints on the abstractness of type definitions and element declarations were ignored
accept
A model group Gis said to accept or recognize the members of L(G).
accept
A particle P is said to accept or recognize the members of L(P).
actual value
The phrase actual value is used to refer to the member of the value space of the simple type definition associated with an attribute information item which corresponds to its ·normalized value·
actually restricts
A complex type definition R (for "restriction") actually restricts another type definition B (for "base") if and only if
ancestor
The ancestors of a ·type definition· are its {base type definition} and the ·ancestors· of its {base type definition}.
anyAtomicType
There is a further special datatype called anyAtomicType, a ·restriction· of the ·simple ur-type definition·, which is the ·base type definition· of all the primitive built-in datatypes.
assessment
the word assessment is used to refer to the overall process of local validation, schema-validity assessment and infoset augmentation
attributed to
The attributions of a sequence S of element information items, when S is checked against a particle P, are the ·element· or ·wildcard particles· in P with which the items in S are matched. It is the sequence of these Particles which forms the ·path· of S in P. When Particle is non-deterministic, then each element information item in S is attributed to to the Particle it matches up with in the unique ·validation-path·, not to any other Particle.
base type definition
The type definition used as the basis for an ·extension· or ·restriction· is known as the base type definition of that definition
basic particle
A basic particle is a Particle whose {term} is a ·basic term·.
basic term
A basic term is an Element Declaration or a Wildcard.
compete
Two Particles P1 and P2 contained in some Particle P compete with each other if and only if some sequence S of element information items has two ·paths· in P which are identical except that one path has P1 as its last item and the other has P2.
competing paths
Two (or more) ·paths· of a sequence S in a Particle P are competing paths if and only if they are identical except for their final items, which differ.
complete path
For a content model M and a sequence S in L(M), the path of S in M is a complete path; prefixes of complete paths which are themselves not complete paths are incomplete paths.
component name
Declarations and definitions may and in some cases must have and be identified by names, which are NCNames as defined by [XML-Namespaces 1.1]
contains
A model group contains the components which it either ·directly contains· or ·indirectly contains·.
contains
A particle contains the components which it either ·directly contains· or ·indirectly contains·.
content model
A particle can be used in a complex type definition to constrain the ·validation· of the [children] of an element information item; such a particle is called a content model
context-determined declaration
During ·validation·, associations between element and attribute information items among the [children] and [attributes] on the one hand, and element and attribute declarations on the other, are established as a side-effect. Such declarations are called the context-determined declarations
declaration
declaration components are associated by (qualified) name to information items being ·validated·
declared entity name
A string is a declared entity name if and only if it is equal to the [name] of some unparsed entity information item in the value of the [unparsedEntities] property of the document information item at the root of the infoset containing the element or attribute information item whose ·normalized value· the string is.
definition
definition components define internal schema components that can be used in other schema components
definition of anyType
A further special complex type definition, whose name is anyType in the XML Schema namespace, is also present in each ·XML Schema·. The definition of anyType serves as default type definition for element declarations whose XML representation does not specify one
directly contains
A model group directly contains the particles in the value of its {particles} property.
directly contains
A particle directly contains the component which is the value of its {term} property.
element particle
An element particle is a Particle whose {term} is an Element Declaration.
element substitution group
Through the new mechanism of element substitution groups, XML Schemas provides a more powerful model supporting substitution of one named element for another
extension
A complex type definition which allows element or attribute content in addition to that allowed by another specified type definition is said to be an extension
final
the complex type is said to be final, because no further derivations are possible
full instance subset
The full instance subset of the PSVI includes almost all properties defined by this specification as applying to element and attribute information items, but excludes schema components. It consists of the ·instance-validity subset·, plus the following properties for elements:
grouping
A grouping of a sequence is a set of sub-sequences, some or all of which may be empty, such that each member of the original sequence appears once and only once in one of the sub-sequences and all members of all sub-sequences are in the original sequence.
implicitly contains
A list of particles implicitly contains an element declaration if and only if a member of the list contains that element declaration in its ·substitution group·
indirectly contains
A model group indirectly contains the particles, groups, wildcards, and element declarations which are ·contained· by the particles it ·directly contains·.
indirectly contains
A particle indirectly contains the particles, groups, wildcards, and element declarations which are contained by the value of its {term} property.
initial value
the initial value of some attribute information item is the value of the [normalized value] property of that item. Similarly, the initial value of an element information item is the string composed of, in order, the [character code] of each character information item in the [children] of that element information item
instance-validity subset
The instance-validity subset of the PSVI consists of the ·root-validity subset·, plus the following properties on elements, wherever applicable:
item isomorphic to a component
by an item isomorphic to a component is meant an information item whose type is equivalent to the component's, with one property per property of the component, with the same name, and value either the same atomic value, or an information item corresponding in the same way to its component value, recursively, as necessary
laxly assessed
an element information item's schema validity must be laxly assessed if and only if its ·context-determined declaration· is not skip by ·validating· with respect to the ||·ur-type definition·||||·definition of anyType·|| as per Element Locally Valid (Type) (§3.3.4)
locally valid
A sequence S of element information items is locally valid against a particle P if and only if S has a ·validation-path· in P. The set of all such sequences is written V(P).
match
An element information item E matches an Element Declaration D if and only if:
match
An expanded name E matches an ·NCName· N and a namespace name NS if and only if all of the following are true:
  • The local name of E is identical to N.
  • Either the namespace name of E is identical to NS, or else E has no namespace name (E is an unqualified name) and NS is ·absent·.
match
An element information item E matches a Wildcard W (or a ·wildcard particle· whose {term} is W) if and only if W allows the [namespace name] of E, as defined in the validation rule Wildcard allows Namespace Name (§3.10.4).
match
Two namespace names N1 and N2 are said to match if and only if they are identical or both are ·absent·.
minimally conforming
Minimally conforming processors must completely and correctly implement the ·Schema Component Constraints·, ·Validation Rules·, and ·Schema Information Set Contributions· contained in this specification
NCName
An NCName is a name with no colon, as defined in [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. When used in connection with the XML representation of schema components in this specification, this refers to the simple type NCName as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes]
non-schema-document-aware
A ·minimally conforming· processor which is not ·schema-document aware· is said to be a non-schema-document-aware processor.
normalized value
The normalized value of an element or attribute information item is an ·initial value· whose white space, if any, has been normalized according to the value of the whiteSpace facet of the simple type definition used in its ·validation·:
partition
A partition of a sequence is a sequence of sub-sequences, some or all of which may be empty, such that concatenating all the sub-sequences yields the original sequence
path
When a sequence S of element information items is checked against a model group M, the sequence of ·basic particles· which the items of S match, in order, is a path of S in M. For a given S and P, the path of S in P is not necessarily unique. Detailed rules for the matching, and thus for the construction of paths, are given in Language Recognition by Groups (§3.8.4.1) and Principles of Validation against Particles (§3.9.4.1).
post-schema-validation infoset
We refer to the augmented infoset which results from conformant processing as defined in this specification as the post-schema-validation infoset, or PSVI
property record
a property value may itself be a collection of named values, which we call a property record
QName
A QName is a name with an optional namespace qualification, as defined in [XML-Namespaces 1.1]. When used in connection with the XML representation of schema components or references to them, this refers to the simple type QName as defined in [XML Schema: Datatypes]
resolve
Whenever the word resolve in any form is used in this chapter in connection with a ·QName· in a schema document, the following definition QName resolution (Schema Document) (§3.16.3) must be understood
restriction
||A type defined with the same constraints as its ·base type definition·, or with more, is said to be a restriction|| ||A type defined by appropriate use of facets or declarations so as to validate a subset of what another type definition validates, with consistent PSVI outcomes, is a restriction of the other type||
restricts
A Content Type RCT (for "restriction") restricts another Content Type BCT (for "base") if and only if
root-validity subset
The root-validity subset of the PSVI consists of the following properties of the ·validation root·:
schema component
Schema component is the generic term for the building blocks that comprise the abstract data model of the schema.
Schema Component Constraint
Constraints on the schema components themselves, i.e. conditions components must satisfy to be components at all. Located in the sixth sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Schema Component Constraints (§C.4)
schema document
A document in this form (i.e. a <schema> element information item) is a schema document
Schema Information Set Contribution
Augmentations to ·post-schema-validation infoset·s expressed by schema components, which follow as a consequence of ·validation· and/or ·assessment·. Located in the fifth sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Contributions to the post-schema-validation infoset (§C.2)
Schema Representation Constraint
Constraints on the representation of schema components in XML beyond those which are expressed in Schema for Schema Documents (Structures) (normative) (§A). Located in the third sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Schema Representation Constraints (§C.3)
schema-document aware
·Minimally conforming· processors which accept schemas represented in the form of XML documents as described in Layer 2: Schema Documents, Namespaces and Composition (§4.2) are additionally said to be schema-document aware.
shadowed type definition
A type definition S in the {member type definitions} of a union is shadowed if and only if its lexical space overlaps with the lexical space of some other simple type definition O which precedes it in that {member type definitions}, and S is not validly derived from O as defined by this constraint.
simple ur-type definition
The simple ur-type definition, a special ·restriction· of the ·ur-type definition·, whose name is anySimpleType in the XML Schema namespace
substitution group
Every element declaration (call this HEAD) in the {element declarations} of a schema defines a substitution group, a subset of those {element declarations}, as follows:
symbol space
this specification introduces the term symbol space to denote a collection of names, each of which is unique with respect to the others
target namespace
Several kinds of component have a target namespace, which is either ·absent· or a namespace name, also as defined by [XML-Namespaces 1.1]
type definition
This specification uses the phrase type definition in cases where no distinction need be made between simple and complex types
Type Definition Hierarchy
Except for a distinguished ·ur-type definition·, every ·type definition· is, by construction, either a ·restriction· or an ·extension· of some other type definition. The graph of these relationships forms a tree known as the Type Definition Hierarchy
type-aware subset
The type-aware subset of the PSVI consists of the ·instance-validity subset·, plus the following items and properties.
type-aware subset
The lightweight type-aware subset of the PSVI provides the same information as the ·type-aware subset·, except that instead of providing direct access to schema components, it provides only their names and related information.
ur-type definition
A distinguished complex type definition, the ur-type definition, whose name is ||anyType||||rootType|| in the XML Schema namespace, is present in each ·XML Schema·, serving as the root of the type definition hierarchy for that schema
valid
the word valid and its derivatives are used to refer to clause 1 above, the determination of local schema-validity
valid extension
A complex type T is a valid extension of its {base type definition} if and only if T has a {derivation method} of extension and satisfies the constraint Derivation Valid (Extension) (§3.4.6)
valid restriction
A complex type definition with {derivation method} restriction is a valid restriction of its {base type definition} if and only if the constraint Derivation Valid (Restriction, Complex) (§3.4.6) is satisfied
valid restriction
A simple type definition T is a valid restriction of its {base type definition} if and only if T satisfies constraint Derivation Valid (Restriction, Simple) (§3.15.6)
validation root
The element or attribute information item at which ·assessment· begins is called the validation root.
Validation Rules
Contributions to ·validation· associated with schema components. Located in the fourth sub-section of the per-component sections of Schema Component Details (§3) and tabulated in Validation Rules (§C.1)
validation-path
For any sequence S of element information items and any particle P, a ·path· of S in P is a validation-path if and only if for each prefix of the ·path· which ends with a ·wildcard particle·, the corresponding prefix of S has no ·competing path· which ends with an ·element particle·.
validly substitutable
One element declaration is validly substitutable for another if together they satisfy constraint Substitution Group OK (Transitive) (§3.3.6).
Web-aware
Web-aware processors are network-enabled processors which are not only both ·minimally conforming· and ·schema-document aware·, but which additionally must be capable of accessing schema documents from the World Wide Web as described in Representation of Schemas on the World Wide Web (§2.7) and How schema definitions are located on the Web (§4.3.2).
wildcard particle
A wildcard particle is a Particle whose {term} is a Wildcard.
XML Schema
An XML Schema is a set of ·schema components·

L DTD for Schemas (non-normative)

The DTD for schema documents is given below. Note there is no implication here that schema must be the root element of a document.

Although this DTD is non-normative, any XML document which is not valid per this DTD, given redefinitions in its internal subset of the 'p' and 's' parameter entities below appropriate to its namespace declaration of the XML Schema namespace, is almost certainly not a valid schema document, with the exception of documents with multiple namespace prefixes for the XML Schema namespace itself. Accordingly authoring XML Schema documents using this DTD and DTD-based authoring tools, and specifying it as the DOCTYPE of documents intended to be XML Schema documents and validating them with a validating XML parser, are sensible development strategies which users are encouraged to adopt until XML Schema-based authoring tools and validators are more widely available.

DTD for Schema Documents
<!-- DTD for XML Schemas: Part 1: Structures
     Public Identifier: "-//W3C//DTD XMLSCHEMA 200102//EN"
     Official Location: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema.dtd -->
<!-- Id: structures.dtd,v 1.1 2003/08/28 13:30:52 ht Exp  -->
<!-- With the exception of cases with multiple namespace
     prefixes for the XML Schema namespace, any XML document which is
     not valid per this DTD given redefinitions in its internal subset of the
     'p' and 's' parameter entities below appropriate to its namespace
     declaration of the XML Schema namespace is almost certainly not
     a valid schema. -->

<!-- The simpleType element and its constituent parts
     are defined in XML Schema: Part 2: Datatypes -->
<!ENTITY % xs-datatypes PUBLIC 'datatypes' 'datatypes.dtd' >

<!ENTITY % p 'xs:'> <!-- can be overriden in the internal subset of a
                         schema document to establish a different
                         namespace prefix -->
<!ENTITY % s ':xs'> <!-- if %p is defined (e.g. as foo:) then you must
                         also define %s as the suffix for the appropriate
                         namespace declaration (e.g. :foo) -->
<!ENTITY % nds 'xmlns%s;'>

<!-- Define all the element names, with optional prefix -->
<!ENTITY % schema "%p;schema">
<!ENTITY % complexType "%p;complexType">
<!ENTITY % complexContent "%p;complexContent">
<!ENTITY % simpleContent "%p;simpleContent">
<!ENTITY % extension "%p;extension">
<!ENTITY % element "%p;element">
<!ENTITY % unique "%p;unique">
<!ENTITY % key "%p;key">
<!ENTITY % keyref "%p;keyref">
<!ENTITY % selector "%p;selector">
<!ENTITY % field "%p;field">
<!ENTITY % group "%p;group">
<!ENTITY % all "%p;all">
<!ENTITY % choice "%p;choice">
<!ENTITY % sequence "%p;sequence">
<!ENTITY % any "%p;any">
<!ENTITY % anyAttribute "%p;anyAttribute">
<!ENTITY % attribute "%p;attribute">
<!ENTITY % attributeGroup "%p;attributeGroup">
<!ENTITY % include "%p;include">
<!ENTITY % import "%p;import">
<!ENTITY % redefine "%p;redefine">
<!ENTITY % notation "%p;notation">

<!ENTITY % assert   "%p;assert">
<!ENTITY % report   "%p;report">


<!-- annotation elements -->
<!ENTITY % annotation "%p;annotation">
<!ENTITY % appinfo "%p;appinfo">
<!ENTITY % documentation "%p;documentation">

<!-- Customisation entities for the ATTLIST of each element type.
     Define one of these if your schema takes advantage of the
     anyAttribute='##other' in the schema for schemas -->

<!ENTITY % schemaAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % complexTypeAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % complexContentAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % simpleContentAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % extensionAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % elementAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % groupAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % allAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % choiceAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % sequenceAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % anyAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % anyAttributeAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % attributeAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % attributeGroupAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % uniqueAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % keyAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % keyrefAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % selectorAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % fieldAttrs ''>

<!ENTITY % assertAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % reportAttrs ''>

<!ENTITY % includeAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % importAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % redefineAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % notationAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % annotationAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % appinfoAttrs ''>
<!ENTITY % documentationAttrs ''>

<!ENTITY % complexDerivationSet "CDATA">
      <!-- #all or space-separated list drawn from derivationChoice -->
<!ENTITY % blockSet "CDATA">
      <!-- #all or space-separated list drawn from
                      derivationChoice + 'substitution' -->

<!ENTITY % mgs '%all; | %choice; | %sequence;'>
<!ENTITY % cs '%choice; | %sequence;'>
<!ENTITY % formValues '(qualified|unqualified)'>


<!ENTITY % attrDecls    '((%attribute;| %attributeGroup;)*,(%anyAttribute;)?)'>

<!ENTITY % assertions   '(%assert;| %report;)*'>

<!ENTITY % particleAndAttrs '((%mgs; | %group;)?, %attrDecls;, %assertions;)'>

<!-- This is used in part2 -->
<!ENTITY % restriction1 '((%mgs; | %group;)?)'>

%xs-datatypes;

<!-- the duplication below is to produce an unambiguous content model
     which allows annotation everywhere -->
<!ELEMENT %schema; ((%include; | %import; | %redefine; | %annotation;)*,
                    ((%simpleType; | %complexType;
                      | %element; | %attribute;
                      | %attributeGroup; | %group;
                      | %notation; ),
                     (%annotation;)*)* )>
<!ATTLIST %schema;
   targetNamespace      %URIref;               #IMPLIED
   version              CDATA                  #IMPLIED
   %nds;                %URIref;               #FIXED 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
   xmlns                CDATA                  #IMPLIED
   finalDefault         %complexDerivationSet; ''
   blockDefault         %blockSet;             ''
   id                   ID                     #IMPLIED
   elementFormDefault   %formValues;           'unqualified'
   attributeFormDefault %formValues;           'unqualified'
   xml:lang             CDATA                  #IMPLIED
   %schemaAttrs;>
<!-- Note the xmlns declaration is NOT in the Schema for Schemas,
     because at the Infoset level where schemas operate,
     xmlns(:prefix) is NOT an attribute! -->
<!-- The declaration of xmlns is a convenience for schema authors -->
 
<!-- The id attribute here and below is for use in external references
     from non-schemas using simple fragment identifiers.
     It is NOT used for schema-to-schema reference, internal or
     external. -->

<!-- a type is a named content type specification which allows attribute
     declarations-->
<!-- -->

<!ELEMENT %complexType; ((%annotation;)?,
                         (%simpleContent;|%complexContent;|
                          %particleAndAttrs;))>

<!ATTLIST %complexType;
          name      %NCName;                        #IMPLIED
          id        ID                              #IMPLIED
          abstract  %boolean;                       #IMPLIED
          final     %complexDerivationSet;          #IMPLIED
          block     %complexDerivationSet;          #IMPLIED
          mixed (true|false) 'false'
          %complexTypeAttrs;>

<!-- particleAndAttrs is shorthand for a root type -->
<!-- mixed is disallowed if simpleContent, overriden if complexContent
     has one too. -->

<!-- If anyAttribute appears in one or more referenced attributeGroups
     and/or explicitly, the intersection of the permissions is used -->

<!ELEMENT %complexContent; ((%annotation;)?, (%restriction;|%extension;))>
<!ATTLIST %complexContent;
          mixed (true|false) #IMPLIED
          id    ID           #IMPLIED
          %complexContentAttrs;>

<!-- restriction should use the branch defined above, not the simple
     one from part2; extension should use the full model  -->

<!ELEMENT %simpleContent; ((%annotation;)?, (%restriction;|%extension;))>
<!ATTLIST %simpleContent;
          id    ID           #IMPLIED
          %simpleContentAttrs;>

<!-- restriction should use the simple branch from part2, not the 
     one defined above; extension should have no particle  -->

<!ELEMENT %extension; ((%annotation;)?, (%particleAndAttrs;))>
<!ATTLIST %extension;
          base  %QName;      #REQUIRED
          id    ID           #IMPLIED
          %extensionAttrs;>

<!-- an element is declared by either:
 a name and a type (either nested or referenced via the type attribute)
 or a ref to an existing element declaration -->

<!ELEMENT %element; ((%annotation;)?, (%complexType;| %simpleType;)?,
                     (%unique; | %key; | %keyref;)*)>
<!-- simpleType or complexType only if no type|ref attribute -->
<!-- ref not allowed at top level -->
<!ATTLIST %element;
            name               %NCName;               #IMPLIED
            id                 ID                     #IMPLIED
            ref                %QName;                #IMPLIED
            type               %QName;                #IMPLIED
            minOccurs          %nonNegativeInteger;   #IMPLIED
            maxOccurs          CDATA                  #IMPLIED
            nillable           %boolean;              #IMPLIED
            substitutionGroup  %QName;                #IMPLIED
            abstract           %boolean;              #IMPLIED
            final              %complexDerivationSet; #IMPLIED
            block              %blockSet;             #IMPLIED
            default            CDATA                  #IMPLIED
            fixed              CDATA                  #IMPLIED
            form               %formValues;           #IMPLIED
            %elementAttrs;>
<!-- type and ref are mutually exclusive.
     name and ref are mutually exclusive, one is required -->
<!-- In the absence of type AND ref, type defaults to type of
     substitutionGroup, if any, else the ur-type, i.e. unconstrained -->
<!-- default and fixed are mutually exclusive -->

<!ELEMENT %group; ((%annotation;)?,(%mgs;)?)>
<!ATTLIST %group; 
          name        %NCName;               #IMPLIED
          ref         %QName;                #IMPLIED
          minOccurs   %nonNegativeInteger;   #IMPLIED
          maxOccurs   CDATA                  #IMPLIED
          id          ID                     #IMPLIED
          %groupAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %all; ((%annotation;)?, (%element;)*)>
<!ATTLIST %all;
          minOccurs   (1)                    #IMPLIED
          maxOccurs   (1)                    #IMPLIED
          id          ID                     #IMPLIED
          %allAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %choice; ((%annotation;)?, (%element;| %group;| %cs; | %any;)*)>
<!ATTLIST %choice;
          minOccurs   %nonNegativeInteger;   #IMPLIED
          maxOccurs   CDATA                  #IMPLIED
          id          ID                     #IMPLIED
          %choiceAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %sequence; ((%annotation;)?, (%element;| %group;| %cs; | %any;)*)>
<!ATTLIST %sequence;
          minOccurs   %nonNegativeInteger;   #IMPLIED
          maxOccurs   CDATA                  #IMPLIED
          id          ID                     #IMPLIED
          %sequenceAttrs;>

<!-- an anonymous grouping in a model, or
     a top-level named group definition, or a reference to same -->

<!-- Note that if order is 'all', group is not allowed inside.
     If order is 'all' THIS group must be alone (or referenced alone) at
     the top level of a content model -->
<!-- If order is 'all', minOccurs==maxOccurs==1 on element/any inside -->
<!-- Should allow minOccurs=0 inside order='all' . . . -->

<!ELEMENT %any; (%annotation;)?>
<!ATTLIST %any;
            namespace       CDATA                  #IMPLIED

            notNamespace    CDATA                  #IMPLIED
            notQName        CDATA                  ''
            processContents (skip|lax|strict)      'strict'
            minOccurs       %nonNegativeInteger;   '1'
            maxOccurs       CDATA                  '1'
            id              ID                     #IMPLIED
            %anyAttrs;>

<!-- namespace is interpreted as follows:
                  ##any      - - any non-conflicting WFXML at all

                  ##other    - - any non-conflicting WFXML from namespace other
                                  than targetNamespace

                  ##local    - - any unqualified non-conflicting WFXML/attribute
                  one or     - - any non-conflicting WFXML from
                  more URI        the listed namespaces
                  references

                  ##targetNamespace ##local may appear in the above list,
                    with the obvious meaning -->

<!-- notNamespace is interpreted as follows:
                  ##local    - - any unqualified non-conflicting WFXML/attribute
                  one or     - - any non-conflicting WFXML from
                  more URI        the listed namespaces
                  references

                  ##targetNamespace ##local may appear in the above list,
                    with the obvious meaning -->

<!ELEMENT %anyAttribute; (%annotation;)?>
<!ATTLIST %anyAttribute;
            namespace       CDATA              #IMPLIED

            notNamespace    CDATA              #IMPLIED
            notQName        CDATA              ''
            processContents (skip|lax|strict)  'strict'
            id              ID                 #IMPLIED
            %anyAttributeAttrs;>
<!-- namespace and notNamespace are interpreted as for 'any' above -->

<!-- simpleType only if no type|ref attribute -->
<!-- ref not allowed at top level, name iff at top level -->
<!ELEMENT %attribute; ((%annotation;)?, (%simpleType;)?)>
<!ATTLIST %attribute;
          name      %NCName;      #IMPLIED
          id        ID            #IMPLIED
          ref       %QName;       #IMPLIED
          type      %QName;       #IMPLIED
          use       (prohibited|optional|required) #IMPLIED
          default   CDATA         #IMPLIED
          fixed     CDATA         #IMPLIED
          form      %formValues;  #IMPLIED
          %attributeAttrs;>
<!-- type and ref are mutually exclusive.
     name and ref are mutually exclusive, one is required -->
<!-- default for use is optional when nested, none otherwise -->
<!-- default and fixed are mutually exclusive -->
<!-- type attr and simpleType content are mutually exclusive -->

<!-- an attributeGroup is a named collection of attribute decls, or a
     reference thereto -->
<!ELEMENT %attributeGroup; ((%annotation;)?,
                       (%attribute; | %attributeGroup;)*,
                       (%anyAttribute;)?) >
<!ATTLIST %attributeGroup;
                 name       %NCName;       #IMPLIED
                 id         ID             #IMPLIED
                 ref        %QName;        #IMPLIED
                 %attributeGroupAttrs;>

<!-- ref iff no content, no name.  ref iff not top level -->

<!-- better reference mechanisms -->
<!ELEMENT %unique; ((%annotation;)?, %selector;, (%field;)+)>
<!ATTLIST %unique;
          name     %NCName;       #REQUIRED
	  id       ID             #IMPLIED
	  %uniqueAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %key;    ((%annotation;)?, %selector;, (%field;)+)>
<!ATTLIST %key;
          name     %NCName;       #REQUIRED
	  id       ID             #IMPLIED
	  %keyAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %keyref; ((%annotation;)?, %selector;, (%field;)+)>
<!ATTLIST %keyref;
          name     %NCName;       #REQUIRED
	  refer    %QName;        #REQUIRED
	  id       ID             #IMPLIED
	  %keyrefAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %selector; ((%annotation;)?)>
<!ATTLIST %selector;
          xpath %XPathExpr; #REQUIRED
          id    ID          #IMPLIED
          %selectorAttrs;>
<!ELEMENT %field; ((%annotation;)?)>
<!ATTLIST %field;
          xpath %XPathExpr; #REQUIRED
          id    ID          #IMPLIED
          %fieldAttrs;>


<!-- co-constraint assertions -->
<!ELEMENT %assert; ((%annotation;)?)>
<!ATTLIST %assert;
          test  %XPathExpr; #REQUIRED
          id    ID          #IMPLIED
          %assertAttrs;>
<!ELEMENT %report; ((%annotation;)?)>
<!ATTLIST %report;
          test  %XPathExpr; #REQUIRED
          id    ID          #IMPLIED
          %reportAttrs;>


<!-- Schema combination mechanisms -->
<!ELEMENT %include; (%annotation;)?>
<!ATTLIST %include;
          schemaLocation %URIref; #REQUIRED
          id             ID       #IMPLIED
          %includeAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %import; (%annotation;)?>
<!ATTLIST %import;
          namespace      %URIref; #IMPLIED
          schemaLocation %URIref; #IMPLIED
          id             ID       #IMPLIED
          %importAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %redefine; (%annotation; | %simpleType; | %complexType; |
                      %attributeGroup; | %group;)*>
<!ATTLIST %redefine;
          schemaLocation %URIref; #REQUIRED
          id             ID       #IMPLIED
          %redefineAttrs;>

<!ELEMENT %notation; (%annotation;)?>
<!ATTLIST %notation;
	  name        %NCName;    #REQUIRED
	  id          ID          #IMPLIED
	  public      CDATA       #REQUIRED
	  system      %URIref;    #IMPLIED
	  %notationAttrs;>

<!-- Annotation is either application information or documentation -->
<!-- By having these here they are available for datatypes as well
     as all the structures elements -->

<!ELEMENT %annotation; (%appinfo; | %documentation;)*>
<!ATTLIST %annotation; %annotationAttrs;>

<!-- User must define annotation elements in internal subset for this
     to work -->
<!ELEMENT %appinfo; ANY>   <!-- too restrictive -->
<!ATTLIST %appinfo;
          source     %URIref;      #IMPLIED
          id         ID         #IMPLIED
          %appinfoAttrs;>
<!ELEMENT %documentation; ANY>   <!-- too restrictive -->
<!ATTLIST %documentation;
          source     %URIref;   #IMPLIED
          id         ID         #IMPLIED
          xml:lang   CDATA      #IMPLIED
          %documentationAttrs;>

<!NOTATION XMLSchemaStructures PUBLIC
           'structures' 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema.xsd' >
<!NOTATION XML PUBLIC
           'REC-xml-1998-0210' 'http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210' >

M Analysis of the Unique Particle Attribution Constraint (non-normative)

A specification of the import of Unique Particle Attribution (§3.8.6) which does not appeal to a processing model is difficult. What follows is intended as guidance, without claiming to be complete.

[Definition:]  Two non-group particles overlap if

or

or

A content model will violate the unique attribution constraint if it contains two particles which ·overlap· and which either

or

Two particles may ·validate· adjacent information items if they are separated by at most epsilon transitions in the most obvious transcription of a content model into a finite-state automaton.

A precise formulation of this constraint can also be offered in terms of operations on finite-state automaton: transcribe the content model into an automaton in the usual way using epsilon transitions for optionality and unbounded maxOccurs, unfolding other numeric occurrence ranges and treating the heads of substitution groups as if they were choices over all elements in the group, but using not element QNames as transition labels, but rather pairs of element QNames and positions in the model. Determinize this automaton, treating wildcard transitions as opaque. Now replace all QName+position transition labels with the element QNames alone. If the result has any states with two or more identical-QName-labeled transitions from it, or two wildcard transitions whose intentional intersection is non-empty, the model does not satisfy the Unique Attribution constraint.

N References (non-normative)

Brzozowski derivatives
Applications of Brzozowski derivatives to XML Schema processing, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, IDEAlliance, Montréal, 2005. Available online at http://www.mulberrytech.com/Extreme/Proceedings/html/2005/SperbergMcQueen01/EML2005SperbergMcQueen01.html
DCD
Document Content Description for XML (DCD), Tim Bray et al., eds., W3C, 10 August 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-dcd-19980731
DDML
Document Definition Markup Language, Ronald Bourret, John Cowan, Ingo Macherius, Simon St. Laurent, eds., W3C, 19 January 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-ddml-19990119
Finite State Automata
Using Finite State Automata to Implement W3C XML Schema Content Model Validation and Restriction Checking, Henry S. Thompson and Richard Tobin, IDEAlliance, London, 2003. Available online at http://www.idealliance.org/papers/dx_xmle03/papers/02-02-05/02-02-05.html (imperfectly rendered) or http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/~ht/XML_Europe_2003.html.
SOX
Schema for Object-oriented XML, Andrew Davidson et al., eds., W3C, 1998. See http://www.w3.org/1999/07/NOTE-SOX-19990730/
SOX-2
Schema for Object-oriented XML, Version 2.0, Andrew Davidson, et al., W3C, 30 July 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-SOX/
UPA and restriction
Supporting UPA and restriction on an extension of XML Schema, Matthew Fuchs and Allen Brown, IDEAlliance, Montreal, 2003. Available online at http://www.idealliance.org/papers/extreme03/html/2003/Fuchs01/EML2003Fuchs01.html
XDR
XML-Data Reduced, Charles Frankston and Henry S. Thompson, 3 July 1998. See http://www.ltg.ed.ac.uk/~ht/XMLData-Reduced.htm
XML Schema Requirements
XML Schema Requirements , Ashok Malhotra and Murray Maloney, eds., W3C, 15 February 1999. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/NOTE-xml-schema-req-19990215
XML Schema: Component Designators
XML Schema: Component Designators, ed. Mary Holstege and Asir Vedamuthu, W3C 29 March 2005. See http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-ref/.
XML Schema: Primer
XML Schema Part 0: Primer, Priscilla Walmsley and and David C. Fallside, eds., W3C, 18 March 2004. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PER-xmlschema-0-20040318/
XML-Data
XML-Data, Andrew Layman et al., W3C, 05 January 1998. See http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/NOTE-XML-data-0105/
XPointer
XML Pointer Language (XPointer), Steve DeRose et al., eds., W3C, 16 August 2002. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-xptr-20020816/

O Acknowledgements (non-normative)

The following contributed material to version 1.0 of this specification:

David Fallside, IBM
Scott Lawrence, Agranat Systems
Andrew Layman, Microsoft
Eve L. Maler, Sun Microsystems
Asir S. Vedamuthu, webMethods, Inc

The Working Group thanks the members of other W3C Working Groups and industry experts in other forums who have contributed directly or indirectly to the creation of this document and its predecessor.

At the time this Working Draft is published, the members in good standing of the XML Schema Working Group are:

The XML Schema Working Group has benefited in its work from the participation and contributions of a number of people who are no longer members of the Working Group in good standing at the time of publication of this Working Draft. Their names are given below. In particular we note with sadness the accidental death of Mario Jeckle shortly before publication of the first Working Draft of XML Schema 1.1. Affiliations given were current at the time of their work with the WG.