W3C

XML-binary Optimized Packaging

W3C Candidate Recommendation 26 August 2004

This version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-xop10-20040826/
Latest version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/xop10/
Previous version:
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-xop10-20040608/
Editors:
Martin Gudgin, Microsoft
Noah Mendelsohn, IBM
Mark Nottingham, BEA
Hervé Ruellan, Canon

Abstract

This document defines the XML-binary Optimized Packaging (XOP) convention, a means of more efficiently serializing XML Infosets that have certain types of content.

Status of this Document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/.

This document is a Candidate Recommendation of the W3C. This document has been produced by the XML Protocol Working Group (WG) as part of the W3C Web Services Activity. Publication as a Candidate Recommendation does not imply endorsement by the W3C Membership. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to cite this document as other than work in progress.

This document is based upon the XML-binary Optimized Packaging Last Call Working Draft published on 8 June 2004. Changes between these two versions are described in a diff document.

The public is invited to send comments to the public mailing list xmlp-comments@w3.org (Archive).

The WG is soliciting implementation reports on this draft until at least 15 September 2004. All issues against this document are documented in the WG's Candidate Recommendation Issues List. When implementations of this document's important features are demonstrated to be interoperable between 2 or more different implementations, and the WG responds formally to all issues against this document, then the WG plans to submit it for consideration as a W3C Proposed Recommendation. Records of the interoperation of this document's features are recorded on the WG's Implementation Summary of Optimizations webpage.

This document has been produced under the 24 January 2002 CPP as amended by the W3C Patent Policy Transition Procedure. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) with respect to this specification should disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy. Patent disclosures relevant to this specification may be found on the Working Group's patent disclosure page.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction
    1.1 Terminology
    1.2 Example
    1.3 Notational Conventions
2 XOP Infoset Constructs
    2.1 xop:Include element information item
    2.2 href attribute information item
3 XOP Processing Model
    3.1 Creating XOP Packages
    3.2 Interpreting XOP Packages
4 XOP Packages
    4.1 MIME Multipart/Related XOP Packages
5 Identifying XOP Documents
    5.1 Registration
6 Security Considerations
    6.1 XOP Package Integrity
    6.2 XOP Package Confidentiality

Appendices

A Relationship to other specifications
    A.1 Dependencies
    A.2 Payload
    A.3 Extension
    A.4 Requirements
B References
    B.1 Normative References
    B.2 Informative References
C Acknowledgements (Non-Normative)


1 Introduction

This specification defines the XML-binary Optimized Packaging (XOP) convention, a means of more efficiently serializing XML Infosets (see [XML InfoSet]) that have certain types of content.

A XOP package is created by placing a serialization of the XML Infoset inside of an extensible packaging format (such a MIME Multipart/Related, see [RFC 2387]). Then, selected portions of its content that are base64-encoded binary data are re-encoded (i.e., the data is decoded from base64) and placed into the package. The locations of those selected portions are marked in the XML with a special element that links to the packaged data using URIs.

In a number of important XOP applications, binary data need never be encoded in base64 form. If the data to be included is already available as a binary octet stream, then either an application or other software acting on its behalf can directly copy that data into a XOP package, at the same time preparing suitable linking elements for use in the root part; when parsing a XOP package, the binary data can be made available directly to applications, or, if appropriate, the base64 binary character representation can be computed from the binary data.

However, at the conceptual level, this binary data can be thought of as being base64-encoded in the XML Document. As this conceptual form might be needed during some processing of the XML Document (e.g., for signing the XML document), it is necessary to have a one to one correspondence between XML Infosets and XOP Packages. Therefore, the conceptual representation of such binary data is as if it were base64-encoded, using the canonical lexical form of XML Schema base64Binary datatype (see [XML Schema Part 2] 3.2.16 base64Binary). In the reverse direction, XOP is capable of optimizing only base64-encoded Infoset data that is in the canonical lexical form.

Only element content can be optimized; attributes, non-base64-compatible character data, and data not in the canonical representation of the base64Binary datatype cannot be successfully optimized by XOP.

The remainder of this specification is organized in the following fashion:

1.1 Terminology

This specification uses terminology from the XML Infoset (see [XML InfoSet]) when discussing XML content and structure. This is only a convention for clear specification of XOP behavior.

The following terms are used in this specification:

  • Original XML Infoset - An XML Infoset to be optimized.
  • Optimized Content - Content which has been removed from the XML Infoset.
  • XOP Infoset - The Original Infoset with any Optimized Content removed and replaced by xop:Includeelement information items.
  • XOP Document - A serialization of the XOP Infoset using any W3C recommendation-level version of XML.
  • XOP Package - A package containing the XOP Document and any Optimized Content. As a whole, the XOP Package is an alternate serialization of the Original Infoset.
  • Reconstituted XML Infoset - An XML Infoset that has been constructed from the parts of a XOP Package.
Architecture of the XOP framework

1.2 Example

Example shows an XML Infoset prior to XOP processing. Example shows the same Infoset, serialized using the XOP format in a MIME Multipart/Related package. The base64-encoded content of the m:photo and m:sig elements have been replaced by a xop:Include element, while the binary octets have been serialized in separate MIME parts. Note that those examples use [Assigning Media Types to Binary Data in XML] to identify the media type of the content of the m:photo and m:sig elements.

Example shows an XML Infoset prior to XOP processing. Example shows the same Infoset, serialized using the XOP format in a MIME Multipart/Related package. The base64-encoded content of the m:photo and m:sig elements have been replaced by a xop:Include element, while the binary octets have been serialized in separate MIME parts.

Editorial note: HR 
Note that the "http://www.w3.org/2004/06/xmlmime" URI is not final and will be changed.

2 XOP Infoset Constructs

XOP operates by extracting the Optimized Content from the Original Infoset to create the XOP Infoset. In particular, the character information item children of element information items to be optimized are removed and replaced with an element information item named xop:Include. The xop:Include element information item contains an attribute information item with a link to the part of the XOP Package that carries a binary representation of the data removed from the original element information item. Details of the construction and processing of XOP serializations are provided in 3 XOP Processing Model.

The Infoset used as input to XOP processing MUST NOT contain any element information item with a [namespace name] property of "http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include" and a [local name] property of Include. Infosets containing such element information items cannot be serialized using XOP.

The following subsections provide formal definitions for allowable content in the element information item and attribute information items used to construct a XOP serialization; content not explicitly specified is disallowed. A non-normative XML Schema for [XML 1.0] serializations of those element information item and attribute information items can be found at http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include.

2.1 xop:Include element information item

The xop:Include element information item has:

2.2 href attribute information item

The href attribute information item has:

3 XOP Processing Model

This section describes the processing model for creating XOP Packages and interpreting XOP Packages. Unless otherwise stated, the result of such processing MUST be semantically equivalent to performing the specified steps separately, and in the order given.

3.1 Creating XOP Packages

To create a XOP Package from an Original XML Infoset:

  1. Ensure that the Original XML Infoset contains no element information item with a [namespace name] of "http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include" and a [local name] of Include. As discussed in 2 XOP Infoset Constructs, XML Infosets with such element information items cannot be represented using XOP.
  2. Create an empty package.
  3. Identify within the Original XML Infoset the element information items to be optimized. To be optimized, the characters comprising the [children] of the element information item MUST be in the canonical form of xs:base64Binary (see [XML Schema Part 2]3.2.16 base64Binary) and MUST NOT contain any whitespace characters, preceding, inline with or following the non-whitespace content.
  4. Create a XOP Infoset which is a copy of the Original XML Infoset, but with the [children] of each element information item identified in the previous step replaced by a xop:Includeelement information item (see 2.1 xop:Include element information item) constructed as follows:
    1. Transform the replaced characters into binary data by processing them as base64-encoded data.
    2. Serialize the binary data into a new part of the package, with appropriate metadata corresponding to the [normalized value] of the hrefattribute information item of the xop:Includeelement information item (see 2.2 href attribute information item).
    3. If the element information item being optimized (i.e., the [parent] of the newly inserted xop:Includeelement information item) has a xmlmime:contentTypeattribute information item, its value SHOULD be reflected appropriately in the metadata for the part.
  5. Serialize the resulting XOP Infoset into the package using any W3C recommendation-level version of XML (e.g., [XML 1.0], [XML 1.1]) and identify it as the root part according to the packaging mechanism's convention, labeling it with the application/xop+xml media type, as described in 5 Identifying XOP Documents.

Additional parts MAY be added to the package to satisfy application specific requirements. Other content-specific metadata MAY be reflected in the packaging metadata as appropriate.

If content cannot be successfully encoded into the XOP package, implementations SHOULD behave as if that portion of the Original XML Infoset was not nominated for optimization.

3.2 Interpreting XOP Packages

This section specifies the means by which the Original XML Infoset can be reconstructed from a XOP Package that has been prepared according to the rules of 3.1 Creating XOP Packages.

Note: conventions or error reporting mechanisms to be used in processing packages that incorrectly purport to be XOP Packages are beyond the scope of this specification.

To create a Reconstituted XML Infoset from a XOP Package:

  1. Construct an XML Infoset by parsing the root part of the package as an XML document. The document MUST be parsed according to the level of the XML Recommendation identified by the XML declaration of that document. If no XML declaration is present, then the document MUST be parsed per [XML 1.0].
  2. Using that XML Infoset, for each element information item, E, which has, as the sole member of its [children] property, a xop:Includeelement information item (as defined in 2.1 xop:Include element information item):
    1. Locate the part of the package corresponding to the URI in the hrefattribute information item of the xop:Includeelement information item (i.e., corresponding to the URI encoded in the attribute information item's [normalized value]).
    2. Replace the xop:Includeelement information item that appears in the [children] property of E with character information items representing the canonical base64 encoding of the entity body of the identified package part (i.e., effectively replace the xop:Includeelement information item with the data reconstructed from the package part).

4 XOP Packages

XOP is capable of using a variety of underlying packaging mechanisms. Such packaging mechanisms MUST be able to represent, with full fidelity all the parts created according to 3 XOP Processing Model (see 3.1 Creating XOP Packages), and MUST be used in a manner that provides a means of designating a distinguished root (main, primary etc.) part.

The subsection below specifies normatively how a particular packaging mechanism, MIME Multipart/Related, is used, but does not preclude the use of other packaging mechanisms with the XOP convention.

4.1 MIME Multipart/Related XOP Packages

This section describes how MIME Multipart/Related packaging (as specified in [RFC 2387]) is used with XOP.

The root MIME part is the root part of the XOP package, MUST be a serialization of the XOP Infoset using any W3C recommendation-level version of XML (e.g., [XML 1.0], [XML 1.1]), and MUST be identified with a media type of "application/xop+xml" (as defined below). The "start-info" parameter of the package's media type MUST contain the content type associated with the content's XML serialization. (i.e. it will contain the same value as the "type" parameter of the root part).

Except for purposes of determining the root MIME part, as specified by [RFC 2387], ordering of MIME parts MUST NOT be considered significant to XOP processing or to the construction of the XOP Infoset.

Part metadata is reflected in MIME header fields. Specifically, the URI used in the value of an href attribute information item on a xop:Include element information item contains a URI that uses the 'cid:' scheme (see [RFC 2392]), so the corresponding MIME part MUST have a Content-ID header field (see [RFC 2387] with a corresponding field-value.

Furthermore, if a xmlmime:contentType attribute information item is found (as described in 3 XOP Processing Model), it SHOULD be reflected in the field value of the MIME Content-Type header.

5 Identifying XOP Documents

XOP Documents, when used in MIME-like systems, are identified with the "application/xop+xml" media type, with the required "type" parameter conveying the original XML serialisation's associated content type. Note that when the type parameter contains reserved characters, it needs to be appropriately quoted and escaped.

For example, a XOP package using MIME multipart/related packaging to serialize a SOAP 1.2 message [SOAP Part 1] with an action parameter of "http://www.example.net/foo" would label the package itself with the "multipart/related" media type, and the root part with the "application/xop+xml" media type along with a type parameter containing "application/soap+xml;action=\"http://www.example.net/foo\"".

5.1 Registration

MIME media type name:

application

MIME subtype name:

xop+xml

Required parameters:
type

This parameter conveys the content type associated with the XML serialization of the XOP infoset, including parameters as appropriate.

Optional parameters:
charset

This parameter has identical semantics to the charset parameter of the "application/xml" media type as specified in RFC 3023 [RFC3023].

Encoding considerations:

Identical to those of "application/xml" as described in RFC 3023 [RFC3023], section 3.2.

Security considerations:

In addition to application-specific considerations, XOP has the same security considerations described in RFC3023 [RFC3023], section 10.

Interoperability considerations:

There are no known interoperability issues.

Published specification:

This document

Applications which use this media type:

No known applications currently use this media type.

Additional information:
File extension:

XOP

Fragment identifiers:

Identical to that of "application/xml" as described in RFC 3023 [RFC3023], section 5.

Base URI:

As specified in RFC 3023 [RFC3023], section 6.

Macintosh File Type code:

TEXT

Person and email address to contact for further information:

Mark Nottingham <mnot@pobox.com>

Intended usage:

COMMON

Author/Change controller:

The XOP specification is a work product of the World Wide Web Consortium's XML Protocol Working Group. The W3C has change control over this specification.

6 Security Considerations

6.1 XOP Package Integrity

The integrity of Infosets optimized using XOP may need to be ensured. As XOP packages can be transformed to recover such Infosets (see 3.2 Interpreting XOP Packages), existing XML Digital Signature techniques can be used to protect them. Note, however, that a signature over the Infoset does not necessarily protect against modifications of other aspects of the XOP packaging; for example, an Infoset signature check might not protect against re-ordering of non-root parts.

In the future a transform algorithm for use with XML Signature could provide a more efficient processing model where the raw octets are digested directly.

6.2 XOP Package Confidentiality

The confidentiality of XOP Packages may need to be ensured. As such packages can be transformed to an XML Information Set, existing XML Encryption (see [XML Encryption]) techniques can be used to protect such packages. Any part of a package can be encrypted, whether it includes base64 characters or not. The resulting CipherData element information item can then be optimized because the content of such an element information item is base64 characters.

In the future a transform algorithm for use with XML Encryption could provide a more efficient processing model where the raw octets are encrypted directly.

A Relationship to other specifications

This appendix summarizes the XOP dependencies upon underlying specifications, the nature of appropriate payloads for XOP and the means of extending XOP.

A.1 Dependencies

The XOP convention builds upon a number of underlying specifications. They are:

  • XML (e.g., [XML 1.0], [XML 1.1]) - The XOP Document is encoded using any W3C recommendation-level version of XML (see 3.1 Creating XOP Packages). Formats that use XOP MUST identify which versions of XML are permissible for encoding the XOP Infoset. XOP does not constrain the use of any mechanisms defined by XML, including those explicitly allowing extensions, nor does it constrain the use of underlying specifications.

  • Namespaces in XML (e.g., [Namespaces in XML], [Namespaces in XML 1.1]) - The XOP Document uses any W3C recommendation-level version of Namespaces in XML compatible with the version(s) of XML used. Formats that use XOP MUST identify which versions of Namespaces in XML are permissible for encoding the XOP Infoset. XOP does not constrain the use of any mechanisms defined by Namespaces in XML, including those explicitly allowing extensions, nor does it constrain the use of underlying specifications.

  • Uniform Resource Identifiers (see [RFC 2396]) - The XOP Document uses URIs to locate parts in the XOP Package (see 2.2 href attribute information item. XOP does not constrain the use of any mechanisms defined by URIs, including those explicitly allowing extensions, nor does it constrain the use of underlying specifications.

  • Packaging Mechanism - XOP requires the use of a packaging mechanism that satisfies the requirements in 4 XOP Packages. One such mechanism MUST be in use, but XOP does not require a specific mechanism. Formats using XOP MUST identify at least one such mechanism permissible for creating the XOP Package, and MUST specify how each allowed mechanism is to be used for building the XOP Package.

    The relationship of one such mechanism to XOP, The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type, is specified in 4.1 MIME Multipart/Related XOP Packages.

A.4 Requirements

This document along with [MTOM] and [SOAP Representation Header] has been produced in conjunction with the development of requirements embodied in the [SOAP Optimized Serialization Use Cases and Requirements] document.

B References

B.1 Normative References

XML 1.0
W3C Recommendation "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Third Edition)", Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeau, 4 February 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204.)
XML 1.1
W3C Recommendation "Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1", Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeay, John Cowan, 15 Apris 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml11-20040204/.)
MTOM
W3C Working Draft "SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism", N. Mendelsohn, M. Nottingham, H. Ruellan, August 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-soap12-mtom-20040826/.)
SOAP Representation Header
W3C Working Draft "SOAP Resource Representation Header", A. Karmarkar, M. Gudgin, Y. Lafon, August 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/CR-soap12-rep-20040826/.)
SOAP Optimized Serialization Use Cases and Requirements
W3C Working Draft "SOAP Optimized Serialization Use Cases and Requirements", M. A. Jones, Tony Graham, Anish Karmarkar, June 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-soap12-os-ucr-20040608/.)
Namespaces in XML
W3C Recommendation "Namespaces in XML", Tim Bray, Dave Hollander, Andrew Layman, 14 January 1999. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-19990114/.)
Namespaces in XML 1.1
W3C Recommendation "Namespaces in XML 1.1", Tim Bray, Dave Hollander, Andrew Layman, Richard Tobin, 4 Frebruary 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-names11-20040204.)
XML InfoSet
W3C Recommendation "XML Information Set", John Cowan, Richard Tobin, 24 October 2001. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-infoset-20011024/.)
XML Schema Part 1
W3C Proposed Edited Recommendation "XML Schema Part 1: Structures Second Edition", Henry S. Thompson, David Beech, Murray Maloney, Noah Mendelsohn, 18 March 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PER-xmlschema-1-20040318/.)
XML Schema Part 2
W3C Proposed Edited Recommendation "XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition", Paul V. Biron, Ashok Malhotra, 18 March 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/PER-xmlschema-2-20040318/.)
Assigning Media Types to Binary Data in XML
W3C Working Draft "Assigning Media Types to Binary Data in XML", Anish Karmarkar, Ümit Yalçınalp, June 2004. (See http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/WD-xml-media-types-20040608.)
RFC 2119
IETF "RFC 2119: Keywords for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", S. Bradner, March 1997. (See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2119.txt.)
RFC 2387
IETF "The MIME Multipart/Related Content-type", E. Levinson, August 1998. (See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2387.txt.)
RFC 2557
IETF "MIME Encapsulation of Aggregate Documents, such as HTML (MHTML)", J. Palme, A. Hopmann, N. Shelness, March 1999. (See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2557.txt.)
RFC 2392
IETF "Content-ID and Message-ID Uniform Resource Locators", E. Levinson, August 1998. (See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1873.txt.)
RFC 2396
Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, T. Berners-Lee, R. Fielding, U.C. Irvine, L. Masinter, August 1998. (See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt.)
RFC 2732
Format for Literal IPv6 Addresses in URL's, R. Hinden, B. Carpenter, L. Masinter, December 1999 (See http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt.)

C Acknowledgements (Non-Normative)

This specification is the work of the W3C XML Protocol Working Group.

Participants in the Working Group are (at the time of writing, and by alphabetical order): David Fallside (IBM), Tony Graham (Sun Microsystems), Martin Gudgin (Microsoft Corporation, formerly of DevelopMentor), Marc Hadley (Sun Microsystems), Gerd Hoelzing (SAP AG), John Ibbotson (IBM), Anish Karmarkar (Oracle), Suresh Kodichath (IONA Technologies), Yves Lafon (W3C), Michael Mahan (Nokia), Noah Mendelsohn (IBM, formerly of Lotus Development), Jeff Mischkinsky (Oracle), Jean-Jacques Moreau (Canon), Mark Nottingham (BEA Systems, formerly of Akamai Technologies), David Orchard (BEA Systems, formerly of Jamcracker), Herve Ruellan (Canon), Jeff Schlimmer (Microsoft Corporation), Pete Wenzel (SeeBeyond), Volker Wiechers (SAP AG).

Previous participants were: Yasser alSafadi (Philips Research), Bill Anderson (Xerox), Vidur Apparao (Netscape), Camilo Arbelaez (webMethods), Mark Baker (Idokorro Mobile, Inc., formerly of Sun Microsystems), Philippe Bedu (EDF (Electricite De France)), Olivier Boudeville (EDF (Electricite De France)), Carine Bournez (W3C), Don Box (Microsoft Corporation, formerly of DevelopMentor), Tom Breuel (Xerox), Dick Brooks (Group 8760), Winston Bumpus (Novell, Inc.), David Burdett (Commerce One), Charles Campbell (Informix Software), Alex Ceponkus (Bowstreet), Michael Champion (Software AG), David Chappell (Sonic Software), Miles Chaston (Epicentric), David Clay (Oracle), David Cleary (Progress Software), Dave Cleary (webMethods), Ugo Corda (Xerox), Paul Cotton (Microsoft Corporation), Fransisco Cubera (IBM), Jim d'Augustine (Excelon Corporation), Ron Daniel (Interwoven), Glen Daniels (Macromedia), Doug Davis (IBM), Ray Denenberg (Library of Congress), Paul Denning (MITRE Corporation), Frank DeRose (TIBCO Software, Inc.), Mike Dierken (DataChannel), Andrew Eisenberg (Progress Software), Brian Eisenberg (DataChannel), Colleen Evans (Sonic Software), John Evdemon (XMLSolutions), David Ezell (Hewlett Packard), James Falek (TIBCO Software, Inc.), Eric Fedok (Active Data Exchange), Chris Ferris (Sun Microsystems), Daniela Florescu (Propel), Dan Frantz (BEA Systems), Michael Freeman (Engenia Software), Dietmar Gaertner (Software AG), Scott Golubock (Epicentric), Mike Greenberg (IONA Technologies), Rich Greenfield (Library of Congress), Hugo Haas (W3C), Mark Hale (Interwoven), Randy Hall (Intel), Bjoern Heckel (Epicentric), Frederick Hirsch (Zolera Systems), Erin Hoffmann (Tradia Inc.), Steve Hole (MessagingDirect Ltd.), Mary Holstege (Calico Commerce), Jim Hughes (Fujitsu Limited), Oisin Hurley (IONA Technologies), Yin-Leng Husband (Hewlett Packard, formerly of Compaq), Ryuji Inoue (Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.), Scott Isaacson (Novell, Inc.), Kazunori Iwasa (Fujitsu Limited), Murali Janakiraman (Rogue Wave), Mario Jeckle (DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology), Eric Jenkins (Engenia Software), Mark Jones (AT&T), Jay Kasi (Commerce One), Jeffrey Kay (Engenia Software), Richard Koo (Vitria Technology Inc.), Jacek Kopecky (Systinet), Alan Kropp (Epicentric), Julian Kumar (Epicentric), Peter Lecuyer (Progress Software), Tony Lee (Vitria Technology Inc.), Michah Lerner (AT&T), Bob Lojek (Intalio Inc.), Henry Lowe (OMG), Brad Lund (Intel), Matthew MacKenzie (XMLGlobal Technologies), Murray Maloney (Commerce One), Richard Martin (Active Data Exchange), Alex Milowski (Lexica), Kevin Mitchell (XMLSolutions), Nilo Mitra (Ericsson), Ed Mooney (Sun Microsystems), Dean Moses (Epicentric), Highland Mary Mountain (Intel), Don Mullen (TIBCO Software, Inc.), Rekha Nagarajan (Calico Commerce), Raj Nair (Cisco Systems), Masahiko Narita (Fujitsu Limited), Mark Needleman (Data Research Associates), Art Nevarez (Novell, Inc.), Eric Newcomer (IONA Technologies), Henrik Nielsen (Microsoft Corporation), Conleth O'Connell (Vignette), Kevin Perkins (Compaq), Jags Ramnaryan (BEA Systems), Andreas Riegg (DaimlerChrysler Research and Technology), Vilhelm Rosenqvist (NCR), Marwan Sabbouh (MITRE Corporation), Waqar Sadiq (Vitria Technology Inc.), Rich Salz (Zolera Systems), Krishna Sankar (Cisco Systems), George Scott (Tradia Inc.), Shane Sesta (Active Data Exchange), Lew Shannon (NCR), John-Paul Sicotte (MessagingDirect Ltd.), Miroslav Simek (Systinet), Simeon Simeonov (Macromedia), Aaron Skonnard (DevelopMentor), Nick Smilonich (Unisys), Seumas Soltysik (IONA Technologies), Soumitro Tagore (Informix Software), James Tauber (Bowstreet), Anne Thomas Manes (Sun Microsystems), Lynne Thompson (Unisys), Patrick Thompson (Rogue Wave), Jim Trezzo (Oracle), Asir Vedamuthu (webMethods), Randy Waldrop (WebMethods), Fred Waskiewicz (OMG), David Webber (XMLGlobal Technologies), Ray Whitmer (Netscape), Stuart Williams (Hewlett Packard), Yan Xu (DataChannel), Amr Yassin (Philips Research), Susan Yee (Active Data Exchange), Jin Yu (MartSoft Corp.).

The people who have contributed to discussions on xml-dist-app@w3.org are also gratefully acknowledged.