This draft specification is a work in progress representing the current consensus of the W3C XML Working Group. It is part of the W3C XML Activity.
This is a W3C Working Draft for review by W3C members and other interested parties. Publication as a working draft does not imply endorsement by the W3C membership.
While we do not anticipate substantial changes, we still caution that further changes are possible and therefore we recommend that only experimental software or software that can be easily field-upgraded be implemented to this specification at this time. The XML Working Group will not allow early implementation to constrain their ability to make changes to this specification prior to final release. This is a draft document and may be updated, replaced or obsoleted by other documents at any time.
It is inappropriate to cite W3C Working Drafts as other than "work in progress".
It is the intent of the XML Working Group that this namespace facility should become an integral part of some future version of the XML specification.
This document describes a simple method for qualifying certain names used in Extensible Markup Language documents by associating them with namespaces, identified by URI.
We envision applications of Extensible Markup Language [XML] where a document contains markup defined in multiple schemas, which may have been authored independently. One motivation for this is that writing good schemas is hard, so it is beneficial to re-use parts from existing, well-designed schemas. Another is the advantage of allowing search engines or other tools to operate over a range of documents that vary in many respects but use common names for common element types.
These considerations require that document constructs should have universal names, whose scope extends beyond their containing document. This specification describes a mechanism, XML namespaces, which accomplishes this.
XML namespaces are based on the use of qualified names, which contain a single colon, separating the name into a namespace prefix and the local name. The prefix, which is mapped to a URI, selects a namespace. The combination of the universally-managed URI namespace and the local schema namespace produces names that are guaranteed universally unique.
URIs can contain characters not allowed in names, and so cannot be used directly as namespace prefixes. Therefore, the namespace prefix serves as a proxy for a URI. A special processing instruction described below is used to declare the association of the namespace prefix with a URI; software which supports this namespace proposal must recognize and act on it.
[Definition:] A namespace is declared using a reserved processing instruction as follows:
| Namespace Declaration PI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
[Definition:]
The SystemLiteral
in the NSDef production
is a URI which functions as a namespace name to identify
the namespace.
The
SystemLiteral
in the SrcDef production
is an optional URI which may be used to retrieve the schema, if one
is provided.
Some namespaces need no
schemas; this specification does not depend on their existence, or on the use
of any particular machine- or human-readable syntax in the schema.
[Definition:] The
NCName in the
PrefixDef
production gives the namespace prefix
used to associate names in an XML document
with this namespace.
Namespace Constraint:
Required Parts
A namespace declaration must contain exactly one
NSDef, exactly one
PrefixDef and zero or one
SrcDef.
Namespace Constraint:
No Fragments
The
SystemLiteral in
the NSDef
production must contain a URI,
not including an attached #-separated fragment
identifier.
The namespace name, to serve its intended purpose, should have the characteristics of uniqueness and persistence. It is not a goal that it be directly usable for retrieval of a schema (if any exists). An example of a syntax that is designed with these goals in mind is that for Uniform Resource Names [RFC2141]. However, it should be noted that ordinary URLs can be managed in such a way as to achieve these same goals.
Examples of namespace declarations:
<?xml:namespace ns='http://www.microsoft.com/' prefix='ms' ?> |
Namespace declarations must be located in the prolog of an XML document, after the XML Declaration (if any) and before the DTD (if any). This effectively makes the scope of namespace prefixes global to the whole document, including the DTD. It also means that should a processor wish to insert its own qualified names, it need only read the namespace declarations from the prolog to be sure of generating a new, unique, namespace prefix.
In XML documents conforming to this specification, the
prolog
must match the following production:
| Prolog with Namespace Declarations | ||||||
|
Note that the namespace declarations are ordinary processing instructions which the XML processor will pass to the application as it does any other.
Namespace Constraint:
Unique Prefix
A namespace prefix may not be
declared more than once; i.e. there may not be two
PrefixDefs which contain the same
NCName string.
[Definition:] In XML
documents conforming to this specification, some
names (constructs corresponding to the nonterminal
Name)
may be given as qualified names, defined as follows:
| Qualified Name | ||||||||||||||
|
The
Prefix provides the
namespace prefix
part of the qualified name, and must be associated with defining schema
through the URI in the applicable
namespace declaration.
[Definition:]
The LocalPart provides the
local name part of the qualified name.
Namespace Constraint:
Prefix Declared
The namespace prefix, unless it is "xml", must have been
declared in a namespace declaration.
The namespace prefix xml is reserved and considered to
have been implicitly declared.
No other prefix beginning with the three-letter sequence x
m, l, in any case combination, is allowed.
[Definition:] For each qualified name, there is a corresponding universal name, which is an ordered pair containing first, the namespace name associated with its prefix, and second, its local name.
A universal name is independent of the prefix in use in any particular XML document; thus, universal names provide a basis for comparing named objects located in different XML documents.
In XML documents conforming to this specification,
element types are given as
qualified names, as
follows.
In the productions below, the nonterminals
(STag,
ETag,
EmptyElement,
and
Attribute)
are taken from the XML specification [XML];
the productions in all cases match a subset of the strings matched by those of
the same name in the XML spec.
| Start-tag | ||||||||||||
|
Attribute names are given as qualified names, as follows:
| Attribute | ||||
|
An attribute whose name is not qualified, but which is attached to an element
whose type is qualified, is in the namespace of the element type prefix.
In the following example, the href is considered to come from the
namespace associated with the prefix html.
<html:a href='http://www.w3.org'>The W3C</html:a> |
Processing instruction targets
are given as
qualified names,
as follows:
| PI Target | ||||||
|
Namespace Constraint:
Declare Before Use
When a PI target, aside from that in a namespace declaration PI,
is qualified with a prefix, that prefix must
be declared at a location in the document which precedes its use.
When a schema is provided for a namespace, there is no guarantee that a universal name's combination of namespace name and local name will provide sufficient information to locate the appropriate description in the schema for the named object, if any exists. The XML document type definition is an example of a schema language in which this is possible. In a DTD, many attributes can be declared which share a name; they are distinguished by being attached to different element types.
This is not always a problem; consider one of the HTML 4.0
DTDs; these define two attributes, CLASS and STYLE,
for use with stylesheets.
This attribute is defined in such a way that it may apply to
virtually every element, and that its semantics are identical wherever
applied.
Thus, given a namespace prefix html for which the corresponding
schema is an HTML4 DTD, the following would present no problems:
<Warning html:class='Important'>Sudden death may ensue.</Warning> |
On the other hand, consider a document that wishes to use data types
defined by ISO Standard 31, which deals with units of measure.
In ISO 31, the unit "degrees" can apply
to measures of several very different quantities.
Thus, assuming the prefix ISO denotes a namespace associated with
ISO 31, whatever the schema language in use, the following would almost
certainly be ambiguous:
<Item ISO:degrees='31'/> |
To make this more concrete, consider a schema which is an XML DTD containing the following declarations:
<!ATTLIST Heat Temp CDATA #IMPLIED> |
Suppose that in some document this DTD is associated with a namespace
identified by the
prefix T.
Then, in the following example, it is impossible (without extra
external information) to distinguish
whether T:Temp is the Temp attribute associated with
the Heat element, or that associated with the Color
element:
<Item T:Temp='5500'/> |
This problem can in general be addressed by using multiple namespaces.
In the immediately preceding example, it would be necessary to
declare namespaces with prefixes, for example, T.Heat and
T.Color, whose associated
namespace names would select the parts of
the schema that described, respectively, the attributes of the
Heat and Color attributes.
Then the example could be disambiguated as follows:
<Item T.Heat:Temp='5400'/> |
Names in XML documents which conform to this specification are
element types, attribute names and PI targets which match the production for
QName.
An XML document conforms to this specification if all other
tokens in the document which are required, for XML conformance, to match the
XML production for Name, match
this specification's production for NCName.
The effect of conformance is that in such a document:
Strictly speaking, attribute values declared to be of types
ID, IDREF(S), ENTITY(IES),
and NOTATION are also Names,
thus should be colon-free.
However, the declared type of attribute values is in principle only available
in documents which have been
validated.
Thus, in well-formed XML
documents, there can be no assurance that the contents of attribute values
have been checked for conformance to this specification.
Imagine an XML document representing an invoice for books. If public schemas exist for elements and attributes describing books, electronic transactions and digital signatures, the invoice author should be able to use these, rather than inventing new element and attribute types. Any reader of the invoice document should be able to infer a consistent meaning to its contents, the same meaning as if the elements and attributes had appeared in a different kind of document (such as an invoice for automotive parts, or an inventory of books or a digital signature on a legal contract). A search tool should be able to locate the elements, regardless of the document in which they reside. Further, since several schemas may choose the same name (e.g. "size") for elements or attributes with different meanings, these must be distinguished if used within the same document.
<?xml:namespace ns="http://books.org/schema/" prefix="B"?> |
This work reflects input from a very large number of people, including especially the members of the World Wide Web Consortium XML Working Group and Special Interest Group, and the participants in the W3C Metadata Activity.
Copyright © 1998 W3C (MIT, INRIA, Keio ), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply.